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非谓语动词

一、动词不定式的用法（重点）

1、 结构及特征：动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语，所以我们又称之为非谓语形式。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即它可以有自己的宾语和状语。

不定式的语态

          主动语态              被动语态

一般式      to do              to be done

完成式      to have done        to have been done

进行式      to be doing

不定式时态

一般时态  I hope to see you again. (有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后)

完成    I am sorry to have made so many mistakes.(动作发生在谓语动词表示的动词前)

进行    He seems to be eating something.(表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生)

2、动词不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。

1） 作主语

           例如：To learn English well is not easy. 或  It is not easy to learn English well.

               [说明]动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：

               It is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.  当形容词表示事物的特征，特点或客观形式，常见的形容词有easy, hard, interesting

              It is hard for him to study two languages.

              It is + adj + of sb to do sth   形容词表示性格，品德或表示主观感情  good nice kind clever

              It is very nice of you to help me.

    2）作表语   My wish is to become a teacher.  be动词之后，形成表语，常用来表示预定要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设

3）作宾语   只可用不定式作宾语的动词 ask hope help promise learn

            Do you hope to go fishing with me?

            既可接不定式也可以接动名词 remember forget like need stop try start begin permit love/ go on  /

            I stop to run.  我停下来开始跑

            I stop running. 我停下来不跑了。

            it 作形式宾语  Do you think it better to say it in this way?

4）作宾语补足语  1) 不定式作宾补  ask teach allow invite tell want prefer order get feel hear think see expect encourage

                                 The teacher told him not to be late next time.

                 2)使役动词省略to      let make have

                                       She had the students work out the problem.

                 3) Could you help me (to) close the window?

5）作定语   I have a lot of work to do. 表示未发生的动作

            Can you bring me a chair to sit?  

            He needs someone to help him with his work.

6）作状语   He stopped to have a look.
[说明] 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形构成

               例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake.

  3、不定式的否定形式：  Tell him not to shut the window…　 

4、动词不定式与疑问词连用：疑问词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how,   

why等后面可以按动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

例如：(1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.   (不定式作宾语)

                 (2) How to use the machine is a question.    (不定式作主语)

                   (3) The question is when to go there.    (不定式作表语)

  5、省to 的动词不定式

1）使役动词 let, have, make：
2）感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
　 A. I saw him dance. 　=He was seen to dance.
　 B. The boss made them work the whole night.
    　=They were made to work the whole night.

3）would rather，had better + do  , would you please, rather than

【难点】

6、不定式的特殊句型：

   1）too…to…：太…而不能…

       so/such +adj/adv +as to +v (表结果)

       His father was so angry as to be unable to speak.

       He is too excited to speak.

   2）enough to do：足以做 …

      The child is old enough to go to schooll.

   3）Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?"  
　　　    Why not take a holiday?

4）so as  (not) to do:  in order to do  only to do  to do （表示目的）

   David came to China to study Chinese.

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
       5)用作介词的“to”：look forward to 渴望; pay attention to 注意; devote oneself to 献身于；be/get used to 习惯等等。

                               动名词的用法

二、动词的-ing形式：

   形式                          主动式                 被动式

一般式                        doing                 being done

完成式                        having done           having been done

一般时态    Do you mind my smoking here? (动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后或者两个动作同时发生)

 完成时态    I regret not having studied hard.(动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前)

2. 在下面两种句型中，只能用动名词

There + be + no + 动名词

There is no getting along with him.

It is +no use/good/ fun/nice + 动名词

It is no use learning English without speaking.

3.只可以接动名词的动词或者动词短语

     dislike   admit  enjoy  deny  mind   miss  risk   finish    avoid   consider   excuse   suggest   practice   be worth    keep on    can not help     give up      put off     leave off   lead to     

  3．比较：

1）共同点：动词不定式结构和动词的-ing形式都被称之为非谓语结构，因此它们一般都可以放在句中除了谓语之外的其他位置。

2）区别

①动词不定式的基本含义是表示谓语动词后面的动作还未发生，此外，若谓语动词后面的动作发生过了也用不定式，而-ing分词的基本含义一般则表示动作正在发生或进行。

②动名词的基本用法是该结构用在及物动词或介词之后构成动宾短语或介宾短语。

3）接不定式或动名词，意义相同： 

begin to do             begin doing

start to do              start doing

      continue to do           continue doing
4）动名词与不定式语义不同 ：

A. stop to do　　　　　     stop doing　　　 
　      B. forget to do　　　　      forget doing
　      C. remember to do　　　     remember doing　　　　　
　  　  D. try to do　　　　　　     try doing
　      E. go on to do　　　　       go on doing　　　　　　　
　      F. be afraid to do　　　　     be afraid doing

                               分词的用法

   1.现在分词(doing/having done)和过去分词（done）

   2.现在分词的用法

             1．用作谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成进行时态

                What are you doing now?

             2. 作定语  1）所修饰名词正在进行的动作  The boy standing here is one of my classmates.

                       2)所修饰名词的特征和性质      Do no read in a moving car.

             3. 作表语，表示主语的特征和性质         The story is interesting.

             4. 作宾语补足语（see  watch  notice   hear  find   get   keep 等）

                             We heard her singing in her room.

  3.过去分词的用法

        过去分词一般表示完成的或者被动的动作

            1. 用作谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成完成时态或者被动语态

                We have been friends for many years.

                His leg was broken in an accident.

            2.作定语    There is a broken cup on the table.

                        This is one of the factories built in the 1960s.

                        过去分词作定语时放在名词前，过去分词短语作定语时放在名词后面

           3.作表语     The cup is broken.

           4.作宾语补足语  I must have my bike repaired.

  注意，现在分词与动名词，形态上完全相同，动词加上ing   但是两者有一个本质的区别，现在分词起形容词和副词的作用，而动名词起名词的作用。

  The dancing boy is me.

  I enjoy dancing.