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专题六　动词时态和语态 　

一、高考要求

高考对动词的考查主要有：1. 常见的十种动词时态，尤其是对一般过去时和现在完成时的考查； 2. 被动语态。

二、基本用法

1. 常见的十种动词时态有：一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行时、现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、过去将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时。

2. 动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。

People speak English all over the world. (主动语态)

English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)

考点1　常考时态的用法

1. 一般现在时

(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作。

Tom often goes to school by bike.

(2)表示自然现象、客观事实或普遍真理。

Spring follows winter.

(3)表示现有的性质、能力或状态。

The flowers look beautiful.

(4)表示按计划安排好了将要发生的动作，这种情况仅限于少数有“开始”或“移动”意义的词，例如come, go, leave, start, arrive, begin, meet, fall, close, open, end, stop, return, take off等。

The party begins at 7 o'clock.

(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态。

I'll write you a letter as soon as I get there.

If I have enough time, I'll travel around the world.

Wherever you go, you will see the same thing.

2. 现在进行时

(1)表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

Are you working hard this term?

The car is being repaired.

(2)come, go, leave, do, send, take off, sail, arrive, return等表示方位移动的短暂性动词常用进行时表将来。

We are going hiking this Sunday.

(3)与always, often, all the time, constantly, continuously, forever等连用表示频繁反复发生的动作或状态，常含有批评、抱怨、不满或赞扬等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行。

He is always getting angry with me.

3. 现在完成时

(1)表示过去的动作现已结束，但对现在产生影响，常带有already, just, ever, never等副词。

He has already obtained a scholarship.

(2)表示动作或状态从过去开始，一直持续到现在。此时，通常用延续性动词，并常与表示一段时间的状语连用，例如for ten minutes, since 1980, in recent years, so far。

The film has been on for half an hour.

(3)表示到目前为止的一段时间内，第……次做某事。

It's the third time that I've seen the film.

4. 现在完成进行时

(1)发生在过去的动作或状态，持续到现在或将继续下去，可以译成“一直”。现在完成时侧重持续或影响到现在，不强调将来的延续。

I have been cleaning the house all the afternoon.

(2)到目前为止，多次重复发生的动作或状态。

I have been telephoning him several times this morning.

5. 一般将来时

(1)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

The football game will begin soon.

(2)表示事物固有的属性或必然趋势。

Fish will die without water.

(3)表示临时的决定。

— We don't have any milk in our fridge.

— I'll go and buy some.

(4)其他表示将来的结构

① be going to do表示主观打算或有迹象将要发生某事。

I'm going to have my hair cut after work.

Look at the clouds in the sky. It is going to rain.

② be＋to do表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，还可表示命令或注定要发生的事。

There is to be an English exam next Monday.

Father warned his son，“You are to be back by ten.”

The worst is still to come.

③ be about to do表示正要去做某事，但不与表将来的时间状语连用。

I am about to go shopping.

注意：if条件句中一般不用将来时，如果使用will，其意义为“愿意”。

If you will give her another chance, she will surprise you.

6. 过去将来时

表示对过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

He said he would come to our school.

7. 一般过去时

(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。

I bought a new bike last week.

(2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

He often watched TV at night.

8. 过去进行时

(1)表示过去某段时间里或某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

I was playing computer games when my parents came home.

He slipped out of the classroom when the teacher was not noticing him.

(2)表示过去频繁发生的动作或习惯，常与always等副词连用。

Mrs. Black was always having dinner with her old parents.

9. 过去完成时

(1)表示过去某时间或某动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。

I had read the report by last weekend.

When I came back, he had eaten all the sweets.

(2)在hardly/scarcely… when, no sooner… than, It was the first/second… time (that)… 等句型中。

We had hardly/scarcely left the house when it began to rain.

No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.

It was the third time he had been out of work that year.

(3)表希望、想法、打算、意图的动词用过去完成时，表示未曾实现的愿望，意为“本打算……，本希望……”。这类动词有mean, intend, expect, hope, want, plan, think, suppose等。

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

10. 易混时态用法比较

(1)过去进行时与一般过去时

过去进行时可表示过去反复发生的动作，而一般过去时表示过去一次性的动作。过去进行时同always, constantly, forever等连用，略带感情色彩，而一般过去时则表示客观陈述。

He was writing his composition last night. (不一定写完)

He wrote his composition last night. (已经写完)

(2)一般过去时与现在完成时

一般过去时所表示的过去时间是具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连；现在完成时所表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的相对现在而言以前的某个或某段时间，它所表示的事情与现在的情况有关系，强调过去事情对现在的影响或产生的结果。

We visited a power station last week. (只说明上周去过，不涉及现在)

We have visited a power station. (我了解这个地方)

(3)现在完成时与现在完成进行时

现在完成时强调动作产生的结果或影响；现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身。现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，现在完成时一般不表示重复性。

I have read the book. (我读过这本书)

I have been reading the book. (我一直在读这本书)

考点2　被动语态的构成及用法)

1. 谓语动词时态和语态的构成

2. 主动形式表被动意义

(1)用主动形式表被动意义的动词有：①连系动词(其主语主要指物)，例如feel, look, smell, taste, sound, prove, remain, stay, appear等； ②表示主语(多为物)内在品质或属性的不及物动词，例如cut, read, sell, wear, write, tear, lock等(这类动词常带有副词描述，如well, easily, perfectly, smoothly等); ③表示开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动等意义的动词，例如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run等。

The flower smells sweet.

My pen writes smoothly.

The film finishes quite early.

(2)want, require, need作“需要”讲时，主语是事物，宾语用动词­ing形式的主动形式表示被动含义。

The desk needs repairing. (＝The desk needs to be repaired. )

(3)be worth doing, be to blame用主动形式表示被动含义。

The book is worth reading.

The driver was to blame for the accident.

(4)常见的不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语有fit, have, wish, run out, agree with, arrive at/in, succeed in, happen to, belong to, take part in等。

This book belongs to me.

(5)不定式在某些形容词后作状语，且和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表被动，这类形容词有difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, light, heavy等。

The book is difficult (for me) to understand.

(6)不定式作名词的后置定语，且与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语或宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式表示被动含义。

I have an important meeting to attend.

I'll give the children some good books to read.

3. “get＋过去分词”构成的被动语态

动词get有时也可跟及物动词的过去分词一起构成被动语态，这种结构侧重于动作的结果。

I got caught in the rain and my suit has been ruined.

4. 动词短语或含有情态动词的被动语态

(1)动词短语作谓语只需将动词变成被动语态，其余的不变，注意短语中的介词不要漏掉。

The old man was often laughed at.

The poor are taken good care of by the government.

(2)含有情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

If you should be fined, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.

检测练习(基础练+综合练)

一、句子填空

1. In 1962, he ____________ (decide) to put some ham and pineapple on a pizza at one of his restaurants in Ontario.  

2. The film ____________ (begin) before we got to the cinema.

3. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ____________ (repair) one of the main pipes.

4. I ____________ (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.

5. Brad Ryan and his 89­year­old grandmother Joy Ryan ____________ (visit) 29 national parks so far.

6. Actually my son ____________ (turn) 3 in June but he had no idea what was going on.  

7. When I arrived there, they ____________ (leave) already.  

8. He ____________ (miss) his flight unless he comes to the airport by taxi.

9. Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she ____________ (teach) English at that time.

10. It will be two days before the decision ____________ (make).  

11. It is said that the water ____________ (rise) about two feet in two hours.  

12. Lucy ____________ (consider) going back to school since she was out of a job, but she hasn't decided yet.    

13. He must have sensed that I ____________ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that？”

14. She never imagined that some day she ____________ (choose) to star in a TV play.

15. A dog's eating habit ____________ (require) regular training before it is properly established.  

16. She was very tired after she ____________ (work) for two hours without a break.

17. You ____________ (complete) the advanced English course by this time next year.

18. Usually Beijing Roast Duck ____________ (serve) together with special pancakes, green onions and sweet sauce.

19. After school we went to the reading room, only to be told that it ____________ (decorate).  

20. So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the Panda Base. I ____________ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals.

二、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

It __1__ (get) dark when I got home. It was cold and I was wearing a coat. I __2__ (walk) up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out my key, but I couldn't find it. I suddenly remembered that I __3__ (leave) it on my desk in the office. It really __4__ (do) not make any difference. I knew my wife was at home and the children must __5__ (come) back from school by now, so I __6__ (knock) at the door. There was no answer, so I __7__ (continue) knocking at the door for some time. I  got angry. Then I remembered something the office assistant __8__ (tell) me at noon. He said that my wife __9__ (phone) saying that she __10__ (go) shopping in the afternoon with the children. There was only one thing for me to do: I had to climb in through a window.

三、短文改错

(四川绵阳南山中学2020届高三二诊) 

When I am young, I dreamed of becoming cook. My dad, however, insisted that I was too younger to learn to cook. For many year, he only allowed me to observe him cook. When I was 18, my dad finally allowed myself to start cooking at my own. Years of watching made it quite easily for me to cook dishes like Kung Pow Chicken but I could even made a cake! Now I can cook almost all kinds of common dishes, made cooking like an art to express my creativity. Indeed, the whole world is looks like a kitchen to me—just cook your life according to your dreams!

Key:  

一、

1. decided　2. had begun　3. are repairing　4. had hoped　5. have visited　6. would turn　7. had left　8. will miss　9. will be teaching　10. is made　11. will rise　12. has been considering　13. was looking　14. would be chosen　15. requires  16. had been working/had worked　17. will have completed　18. is served　19. was being decorated　20. was allowed

二、

1. was getting/got　2. walked　3. had left　4. did　5. have come　6. knocked　7. continued　8. (had) told　9. (had) phoned　10. would go

三、

第一处：把am改为was

第二处：在becoming后加a

第三处：把younger改为young

第四处：把year改为years  

第五处：把myself改为me

第六处：把at改为on

第七处：把easily改为easy

第八处：把but改为and  

第九处：把made改为making

第十处：删除looks前的is