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名词性从句的教案

商水县第二高中   刘原原

　一、概念
　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词的宾语等, 因此可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主要考查连接代词和连接副词引导句子的语序问题、以及连接词选用、还有时态、主谓一致等等

　　Who will win the election is still unknown.

　　I want to know what he has told you.

　　The fact is that we have lost the wallet.

　　The news that we won is exciting.

　　2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:

　　从属连词： that, whether, if ,不充当从句的任何成分

　　连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever. (作主、宾、表、补)

　　连接副词:

　　when, where, how, why, however, wherever(状)

　　主语从句的用法

　　一、主语从句在复合句中作主语, 它可以位于句首, 但常见的主语从句多放句末,句首则用形式主语it。

　　1.That the earth is round is true.

　　= It is true that the earth is round

　　2. Whether he will come hasn’t been decided.

　　= It hasn’t been decided whether he will come.

　　注意: 连词that, whether在从句中不担任 句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略 (注: if不可用来引导主语从句)

　　When he will go to America is not yet fixed.

　　(It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.)

　　Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.

　　Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.

　　3.常见的it作形式主语的结构

　　1)It is a fact that he won the match.

　　2)It is necessary that we do study the English.

　　3)It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.

　　4)It seemed that he would come here

　　基本句型结构 常用词语

　　It is + 名词 + that从句 It is a fact/a shame/a pity/no wonder/

　　good news/…that…

　　It is + 形容词 + that从句 It is necessary/strange/important/

　　possible/likely/…that…这类主语从

　　句中,谓语动词常为(should)+动词原形

　　It is + 过去分词 + that从句 It is said/reported/decided/known/

　　…that…

　　It + 不及物动词 + that从句 It seemed/happened/doesn’t

　　matter/has turned out/…that

　　二、it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

　　it 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构, 主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:

　　 It is a  pity that you didn’t go to see the film.

　　 It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.

　　 It is Tom that broke the window.

　　宾语从句的用法

　　句子结构：

　　主句 + 连接词(引导词) + 宾语从句

　　1.We believe (that) he is honest.

　　2.Do you know what he said just now?

　　3.I don’t remember when we arrived

　　4.Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .

　　5.we should think of how we can do more for others

　　在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词之后,宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。

　　I don’t believe he will go.

　　We don’t expect he is coming.

　　I don’t think he can do it, can he?

　　You /They don’t think he can do it ,do they?

　　在接复合宾语的句子中, 为了保持句子平衡, 用it 作形式宾语,将宾语从句放于句尾, 常接复合宾语的动词有: make, find, see, hear, feel, leave...

　　I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.

　　I think it a pity to waste the food

　　表语从句的用法

　　在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句, 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。

　　That’s what we should do.

　　That’s why I want to see you.

　　The reason for my absence was that I was ill.

　　1. be, seem, look等动词后均可跟表语从句：

　　My suggestion is that we should go shopping.

　　It seems that it is going to rain

　　2. as if, because 也可引导表语从句。

　　It looks as if it’s going to rain.

　　It was because I got up late.

　　3. 在非正式文体中,引导表语从句的that可以省略。如:

　　The trouble is (that) he is ill

　　注意:在表语从句中,当reason做主语时, 引导词只能用that,不能用because,如:他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。 The reason why he was late was that he didn’t catch the early bus.

　　同位语从句的用法

　　在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion, truth , hope , problem, information, belief, doubt, question dream advice, proof decision等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词.

　　1.The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.

　　2.I have no idea when they will go.

　　3.The suggestion that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow.

　　名词suggestion, advice. order等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可省略.

　　同位语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开：

　　The story goes that William Tell killed

　　the king with an arrow.

　　Word came that their team had won
如何判断从句的类别?根据从句的位置判断。

①主语从句(从句位于动词前作主语)(it 做形式主语放于句首，主从放句末)

②宾语从句(从句位于动词后或介词，adj作宾语)

③表语从句(从句位于系动词之后作表语)

④同位语从句(从句位于特殊的名词如idea,fact,news等后

补充说明前面的名词)

　　九大热点问题

　　1..同位语从句与定语从句的区别

　　1).The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.

　　2).The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.

　　3).The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.

　　4).The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical

　　同位语从句与定语 从句的不同之处

　　从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步

　　说明前面名词的内容;定语从句用来修饰、

　　限定前面的名词(相当于一个定语)。

　　e.g. The news that our team has won the final match

　　is encouraging. (从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。)

　　The news that you told us is really encouraging.

　　(从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息内容却不得而知。)

　　引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。

　　e.g.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. (that 不充当任何成分)

　　2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children.

　　(that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。)

　　Choose the best answer

　　2.语序问题(名词性从句用陈述语序)

　　3.whetherif的区别

　 　I. Please tell me if/whether you will go to the lectures tomorrow.

　　 II. It all depends on whether the sky will clear up.

　　 III. The question is whether the film is well worth seeing.

　　 IV. Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?

　　 V. Whether it is true remains a problem.

　　VI. He doesn’t know whether to stay.

　　A.引导宾语从句，位于及物动词后
　　B.引导宾语从句，位于介词后

　　C.引导主语从句，放句首

　　D.引导表语从句，主语从句或同位语从句

　  E. 可与or not 直接连用

　　4.What 与that的区别(在名词性从句中)

 I. I think that it is unnecessary for me to speak louder.
 II. His mother is satisfied with what he has done.

　III. That he was able to come made us happy.

　IV. This is what makes us interested.
　V. The reason was that Tod had never seen the million-pound note before.
     what 充当名词性从句的主语宾语和表语，而that在名词性从句中充当连词，只起连接的作用。

5..that引导名词性从句的省略情况
1)that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，不能省略。

　　e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.

　　2)宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：

　　(A)当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略;I think ,he said,that Tom will come.

　　(B)当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时(或带两个以上宾语从句)，that不能省;

　　(C)当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉(很少在介词后引导宾从，只在except,but ,beside ,in 后才用。介词后一般用what,whether连接，不用 which， if连接)如：

　　Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.

　　The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.

　　6.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别。

　　一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。

　　7.Where, when, why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。

　　Where, when, why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑意义要求。

　　8.“介词+who(m)引导的宾语从句”与“介词+ whom”引导的定语从句的区别。

　　介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格，决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语。例如：

　　It was a matter of ____ would take the position.

　　A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever

　　9疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别。

　　①疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如：

　　Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.

　　You can choose whatever you like in the shop.

　　②疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：

　　Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,

　　Whatever you do, you must do it well.

　　③no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如：

　　No matter what you do, you must do it well.

　　No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.

　　w考点解析

　　【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。

　　that 引导名从时，无意义不当句子成分，只是引导词; 而what引导名从时，在从句中要充当主宾表等句子成分，what表“什么…”=all that或sth. that

　　1.The mountain is no longer ____ it used to be.

　　A. which B. that C. what D. as

　　2.There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.

　　A. that B. which C. until D. if

　　3.The thought of going back home was _____kept him happy while he was working abroad.

　　A.that B.all that C.all what D.which

　　4.You can only be sure of_____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ___ you might get in the future. [2007 安徽卷]

　　A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that

　　Tips：定语从句引导词中，有that没有what。

　　【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if 的用法区别。

　　If 在名从中可以用在：

　　1.引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句

　　2. 当与or not分开使用时He wondered if / whether we will attend the meeting or not.

　　Whether所有名从都可以

　　1 _____ the flight to New York will be delayed is ____ I’m especially worried about.

　　A. If ; what B. Whether ; that C. When ; that D. Whether ; what

　　【考点3】“(should) + do”

　　在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等,谓语动词用虚拟语气,常用句型有:

　　(1) It is necessary, (important, natural, strange, etc.) that...

　　(2) It is suggested,(requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that...

　　(3)一坚持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三建议(suggest，advise，propose)、四要求(demand，desire, require，request)。

　　(4) 主语是suggestion, proposal, request, decision等表 “建议、请求、要求、决定”等意思的词时,表语从句,同位语中谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) + do”。如: His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question.

　　1. I advised that he _____ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he _____ quite well then.

　　A. be sent; was feeling B. was sent; sent

　　C. be sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel

　　【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。

　　Eg. They are teachers and don’t realize ______ to start and run a company.

　　A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it takes

　　【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however可以引导名从和让步状从;no matter who / which / what/ when/ where / how只能引导让步主语从句。

　　⑦ —Have a nice trip! — Thanks. I’ll telephone you from _____ I get to by tomorrow evening.

　　A. wherever B. every place C. whenever D. no matter where

　　【考点6】that的用法

　　1.that 引导从句小结

　　1.A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.

　　A. what B. which C. that D. where

　　2.Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.

　　A. that B. which C. what D. as

　　3.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.

　　A. which B. that C. what D. whether

　　4.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.

　　A. that B. what C. which D. this

　　5.His plan was such a good one _________ we all agreed to accept it.

　　A. so B.what C. that D. as

　　6 ____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. A. What / because B. What / that C. That / what D. That / because

　　2.that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略, 但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。

　　如：She said (that) she had left school and that her parents would find her a job.

　　3.介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in，but后可用that引导宾语从句。

　　The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed.

　　A. as B. which C. what D. that

　　4. 定语从句与同位语从句中that的区别，主要看that在从句中有没有充当句子的主语宾语表语。

　　定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语，有时可以与 which 互换。同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分;而如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词如：fact、suggestion、truth、possibility、idea等后面，解释名词的含义或内容，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。

　　例如：The football star Henry expressed the hope that he would come to visit China again in 2008.　同位语从句，从句就是hope的内容;

　　The hope the football star Henry expressed is that he would come to visit China again in 2008. 定语从句，从句修饰hope，是“表达的”愿望。