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一、       课程说明

（一）   教学目标

1、         知识与技能

1)      掌握现在完成时的句型、构成。

2)      掌握现在完成时的用法。

3)      能区分一般过去时态与现在完成时的用法。

2、情感态度与价值观：

通过在教学过程中让学生多动手、多观察、勤思考、善总结，引导学生养成自主学习的学习习惯。

（二）   教材分析

教材上对于基本的句型，构成说明详细，对现在完成时的用法有一定的讲解，但不够详彻。而且时态用法之间没有区分的说明。

（三）   学习者特征分析

高一学生，对现在完成时的句型，构成及用法比较模糊，而且分析能力较弱，做题思路不够清晰。但是该生知识接受能力强，有一定的知识归纳能力。

（四）   教学重点

1、         现在完成时态的句型，构成及用法

2、         现在完成时与一般过去时用法的区别

3、         过去分词，瞬间动词与延续性动词在现在完成时态中的运用

（五）   教学难点

1、         瞬间动词与延续性动词在现在完成时态中的运用

2、         现在完成时与一般过去时用法的区别

3、         现在完成时

二、       课前准备

（一）教学方法

通过系统的讲解知识，习题练习，讲解，让学生将知识掌握的更彻底。

（二）教学器材（根据辅导地点所定）

若是教室则为多媒体设备，投影仪，扩音器；若在家中则借助小白板即可。

 

（三）时间分配

为了提高教学效率，结合学科和学生的特点，计划三分之二的时间用于基础知识的讲解，后三分之一的时间作为课堂练习时间。

三、课程设计

(一)  基础知识

1、定义:现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成或仍在持续的动作、状态；强调对现在的影响或联系

2、基本结构

助动词have/has+过去分词(done) 

3、句型

否定句：       主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.

一般疑问句：   Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.

简略答语： Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)        No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

4、用法：

1）动作发生在过去，强调对现在的影响。

与一般过去时的区别：

强调过去—一般过去式

强调对现在的影响---现在完成时。
　  　试比较：
             I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。（现在还未      找到）
             I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）

 

My mother went toShanghai.

           Where is your mother? ---She has gone toShanghai.

 

          . I didn’t have breakfast.

           I haven’t have breakfast yet.

          2）动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、 yet 等副词修饰。如：
             --Have you had lunch yet?       --Yes, I have. I've just had it.
              你（已经）吃午饭了吗？   我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）

 

3）现在完成时表示未完成。动作从过去延续到现在，还可能以后继续。通常和带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 

         He has been in the army for ten years.

I have studied English since 1980.

          4）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，表示次数：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times…, ever, never等时间状语。
        如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次、

I have been toShanghaitwice.    

She has watched this film three times.

I have never seen more beautiful girl than she.

5、现在完成时常与一些词、词组连用 :

1）、ever（曾）、never（未曾）、already（已经） 、

    yet（仍、还）、just （刚刚）、before（以前)

2）、for +一段时间 : for two days 有两天了

3、. in the past/last＋一段时间 :   in the past ten years 在刚过去的十年里

4）、. since +   过去某一个时间:   since 1991 :  自从1991年到现在

           一段时间 + ago        since 14 years ago:  自从14年前到现在

           一般过去时句子:       since I was born :  自从我出生到现在

6、already, yet, ever, never, just的用法

Already 肯定句，强调已经的意,放句中或句末. 

I have already finished my homework.

= I have finished my homework already.

yet 否定句、问句，表示还没，没有的意思,放句末

     He hasn’t finished his homework yet.

     Has he finished his homework yet?

ever 问句，表示曾经的意思     Has John ever been to Zhuhai?

never 含否定意思的肯定句，表示从没的意思    He has never been to China.

just 肯定句，表示刚刚的意思       I have just come back from China.

 7、for, since及how long

For + 时间段：表示某个动作持续了多长时间

Joey has been inNew Yorkfor 10 years.

Since + 时间点（具体时间/ … ago/ 某个动作发生的时间 ）：

表示某个动作是从什么时候开始的，间接地表示这个动作持续的时间

Joey has been inNew Yorksince 1996.

Joey has been inNew Yorksince ten years ago.

Joey has been inNew Yorksince he first arrived.

 

（二）能力提升

过去分词    

1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

(1)、一般动词在词尾直接加“ ed ”。    work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited   

(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词只在词尾加“ d ”。    live---lived---lived ,   

(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词将 "y" 变为 "i" 再加“ ed ”。    study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried   

(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。   

stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped   

2 、不规则动词  

瞬间动词(buy,die,join,come,go ,leave,join …)不能直接与for since 连用,要改变动词：

buy----have         borrow -----keep        come/arrive/reach/get to-----be                go out----be out

     leave ----be away                       begin-----be on    

finish----be over                  open----be open        close -----be closed                         die----be dead(死)

★1、have代替buy ：          My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 

★2、用keep或have代替borrow：    I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 

★3、用be替代become：            How long has your sister been a teacher? 

★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold： Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 

★5、用wear代替put on   

b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词   

1、be married代marry          2、be ill代fall (get) ill         3、be dead代die

4、be asleep代fall (get) asleep    5、be awake代wake/wake up     6、be gone代lose,die,sell,leave   

7、be open代open             8、be  closed代close/shut      9、be missing(gone,lost)代lose 

c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词  

1、“be on”代start,begin   2“be up”代get up  3“be back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to  

4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there 等等   

d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词   

1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to  

2.用be in the army 代替join the army  

3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to   

 

常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表  

1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. →have been in sw./at„相应的介词  

2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back  

3.  have come/gone out →have been out  

4. have become → have been                     

5.  have closed / opened→ have been close/open  

6. have got up → have been up                

7.  have died → have been dead  

8. have left sw. → have been away from sw  

9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep

10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over  

11.  have married → have been married  

12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth.   

13.  have begun → have been on  

14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had           

15.  have lost → haven’t had  

16. have put on →have worn                      

17.  have caught /get a cold → have had a cold

18. have got to know → have known                 

19.  have/has gone to → have been in  

20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army →have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier„

has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别   

Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)

eg：A：Where is your father?   B：He has gone to Shanghai. 

Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）

eg：My father has been to Shanghai. 

Have/has been in呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）

eg：My father has been in Shanghai for two months/since two months ago.

 

(三) 比较过去时与现在完成时
　 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
　 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　

现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,　　　　　　till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
　 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
　 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
　举例： I saw this film yesterday.
　　（强调看的动作发生过了。）
　 I have seen this film.
　　（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）　
　 Why did you get up so early?
　　（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his paper?　
　　（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
　 She has returned from Paris.　
　　 她已从巴黎回来了。
　 She returned yesterday.
　　 她是昨天回来了。
　 He has been in the League for three years.
　　(在团内的状态可延续)
　 He has been a League member for three years.
　　(是团员的状态可持续)
　 He joined the League three years ago.　
　　( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
　 I have finished my homework now.　
　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　 ---He's already been sent for.　
　 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
　 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　 （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

（四）做题时常见错误如下：

　　1、易丢掉have/has

　　例：He taken (take) the medicine before.

    答案：has taken

    解析：have/has 为助动词，起构成时态的作用，是不能省略的。我们可以这样记：“现在完成时态中，have/has 不可缺。”

　　2、have与has易用混

    例：I has never heard (hear) of that before.

    答案：have heard

解析：现在完成时与一般现在时一样也有单三人称的变化，当单三人称作主语时用 has, 一般人称作主语时用have．

3、延续性动词与短暂性动词易弄错

 例：She has left (离开) for 2 hours.

答案：has been away

  解析：在肯定句中，与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是短暂性动词，但在否定句中短暂性动词也是可以的。E.g. I haven't bought clothes for one year. 在此题中leave是短暂性动词，不能与for+时间段连用，须把它改成相应的延续性动词。如stop be over等。此题中leave要改成be away。这两种词的转换是学习现在完成时需要注意的。

(五)习题练习

单项选择。（前10个作为例题，共同完成，后10个为课后作业）
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）
 Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been toShanghai, has he ?
　Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
　Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
　　Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
　　Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
　　Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
　　Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　　Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .

—Really ? When _____ there ?
　　Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
　　Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
 10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
　　 —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
　　Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　　Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
　11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
　　Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
  12、—Do you know him well ?
　　— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
　　Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
　 13、—How long have you ____ here ?
　　—About two months .
　　Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
　 14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
　　Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
  　Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
    15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
　　Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
    16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to    the library .
　　Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
　  17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
　　Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they
19、 has Mr White been a member of GreenerChinasince he toChina?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived
20、 His uncle____for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university

 句型转换。（前4个由学生做，老师现场批改和讲解，后4个为课后作业）
1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
____　＿＿＿＿　they been here?
3、The old man _________ last year. He＿＿＿＿

 for a year. (die) （动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
　 Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
 汉译英。（前3个由老师，学生共同完成，后3个为课后作业）
1、 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。

2、 他昨天收到一封信。

3、 我父亲以前到过长城。

4、 她还没有看过那部新电影。

5、 她去过上海。

6、 他这些天上哪儿去了？

参考答案：
单项选择。
1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。
2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故2应选B。
3、C
4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。
5、C
6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故6应选C。
7、C
8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。
9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。故9的正确答案为B。
10、B
11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。
12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。
16、“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故16的正确答案为A。
17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C
句型转换。
1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead
4、has been open 5、has been away 6、joined；ago
7、It is, since 8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.
汉译英。
1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now.
2、He received a letter yesterday.
3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.
4、She hasn't seen the new film yet.
5、She has been to Shanghai.
6、Where has he been these days？

四、    教学设计反思

通过对本次教学的设计，我觉得我结合了学科和学生的特点，根据英语现在完成时的重点及难点，也区分了与其他时态用法的不同；同时结合该生基础知识的不足，讲解了过去分词，及瞬间动词，延续性动词，在课堂练习中让学生动手，提高了其课堂掌握的效率。课后的练习题也会巩固本堂课所学。但是整个教学活动缺乏点趣味，补充的知识较多缺乏系统性，这样也会导致整个教学活动效率的降低，值得反思。