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过去完成时时态教研---杨艳

一、含义：过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示发生的时间为“过去的过去”。

二、构成：had +（not）+过去分词

一般疑问句：Had+ 主语+ 过去分词 ＋其他？

肯定回答: Yes, 主语+ had.

否定回答: No, 主语+ hadn’t.

例句：By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. 

---Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport?

---Yes,it had./No, it hadn’t.

三、用法

1. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态。只有和过去的某个时间或动作相比较时才会用到。常见的时间状语（从句）由by, before, when, by the end of, by the time, until 等引导。

He had worked in that school for three years before he came to our school.

他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年。

（解析：由时间状语before he came to our school.可知，前面是在此之前所发生的事情，表过去的过去，应该用过去完成时。）

My parents had begun to work by the time I got up.

在我起床的时候我父母已经开始工作了。

2. 过去完成时还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态一直延续到过去某个时间并可能延续下去。常与“for ＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”连用。

注意：与现在完成时一样，和时间相关的要用延续性动词。

现在完成时和过去完成时的区别：

现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果, 过去完成时强调对过去的影响或结果。

The film had already been on for half an hour when Millie got to the cinema.

当Millie到达电影院的时候, 电影已经开始了半个小时了。

（解析：begin是短暂性动词，不与表示一段时间的时间状语连用；电影在Millie 到达电影院之前就开始了，是过去的过去，应当用过去完成时。）

When Jack arrived, Mary had been away since an hour ago.

当杰克到达时，玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。

拓展：

非延续性动词 延续性动词

buy have

borrow keep

open be open

close be closed

begin/start be on

come be here

go be there

finish be over

die be dead

catch a cold have a cold

put on wear

wake up be awake

fall asleep be asleep

lose not have

join be in

leave be away

arrive/reach be

3. 过去完成时经常用于主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作发生。如在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词引导的宾语从句中。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.    她说她从来没有去过巴黎。

 在表示过去概念的句子中，常出现与完成时态连用的词，如：already, yet, since, for, ever, never 及表次数的词，此时句子常用过去完成时

I met Jim in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.

我昨天在街上碰到了吉姆。自从他去北京后，我们彼此没有见过面。

Mary said it was at least five years since he had enjoyed a good drink. 

(解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。)

过去完成时与一般过去时的比较

1. 当一个由before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时，两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。

We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.

做完早操后，我们吃早饭。

2. 按时间顺序叙述两个或两个以上接连发生的动作时，用一般过去时。

He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table.

他走进屋子，打开灯，坐在桌子旁。

3. 在表示某人过去未曾完成的“心愿”、“打算”、“计划”、“想法”、“许诺”等时，hope, mean, plan, think, intend等谓语动词常用过去完成时。

I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train.

我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭上火车。

4. 在表示过去的句子中出现常与完成时态连用的词，如：already，yet，since，for，ever，never及次数名词等时，常用过去完成时来表示。

When we got there the, match had already started.

我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。

5. 如果句中出现了表示具体的过去时间的状语，句子的内容为过去的实际情况或句子的内容为历史事实时，句中的动词时态常用一般过去时。如：

The teacher said that it was Columbus who first discovered the American continent.

老师说是哥伦布最早发现了美洲大陆。

6.表述说话人始料未及的事情时，句子的谓语动词常用一般过去时。

由于受汉语表述习惯的影响，常会用错时态。

Jack, you are also here! I didn’t see you. 杰克，你也在这啊！我没有看见你。

练习题

(   )1．The teacher________the office for a few minutes when we arrived．We didn’t meet him．

A．have left               B．had left          C．had been away from

(   )2．The boy________his mistake before his teacher told him．

A．realizes       B．has realized      C．had realized     D．would realize

(   )3．They________about eight hundred English words by the end of last term．

A．have learned    B．had learned  C．will learn   D．are going to learn

(   )4．—I hear the beginning of this movie is very exciting．

—What a pity! When I got to the cinema yesterday, the film________for several minutes．

A．began         B．had begun      C．had been on      D．has been on

(   )5．The meeting________by the time I got there yesterday．

A．was on       B．has been on      C．had begun       D．has begun

(   )6. By the time I locked the door，I realized I________my keys at home．

A．had repaired      B．had changed    C．had forgotten     D．had left

(   )7．Yesterday I met Sandy．We________each other since________middle school．

A．haven’t seen；finished    B．haven’t seen；finishing

C．hadn’t seen；finished    D．hadn’t seen；finishing

(  )8. Helen________her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband________home．

A．has left；comes B．left；had come  C．had left；came  D．had left；would come

(   )9．By the time I got up, my mother _______ .    

A. left            B. had left          C. has left            D. is leaving

(   )10．Tom was disappointed because most of the guests_____when he____at the party．

A．left；had arrived B．left；arrived C．had left；had arrived  D．had left；arrived

(   )11．—Why are you late again?

—I overslept，and________I got to the bus stop，the bus had left．

A．after       B．while     C．by the time    D．at time

(   )12．He________to play________before he was 11 years old．

A．had learned；piano      B．had learned；the piano

C．has learned；the piano    D．learns；piano

(   )13．By the time I got home，my mother________dinner for me．

A．cooked      B．had cooked   C．was cooking    D．is cooking

(   )14．By the end of last month，he________in the army for one and a half years．

A．joined        B．had joined    C．has been      D．had been

(   )15．—Did you see Mr Smith when you were in France?

—No．When I________France，he________to China．

A．had arrived in；had gone    B．arrived in；has been

C．got to；had gone          D．had got to；had been   

答案：1-5：CCBCC  6-10：DDCBD  11-15：CBBDC

家庭作业

一、单项选择。

(   )1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him.

　  A. knew    B. have known   C. must know   D.will know

(   )2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ?

　　A. already   B.never   C.ever   D. still

(   )3、Have you met Mr Li ______？

　　A. just   B. ago   C.before   D. a moment ago

(   )4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year.

　　A. is writing   B.was writing   C.wrote   D.has written

(   )5、—Our country ______ a lot so far.

　　—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.

A.has changed ; well   B. changed ; good  

B.has changed ; better   D. changed ; better

(   )6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years.

　　A. was ; studying   B. will ; study  C. has ; studied  D. are ; studying

(   )7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.

　　A. Know   B. had known   C. have known   D. knew

(   )8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice.

　　A. will see   B. have seen   C. Saw   D.see

(   )9、—These farmers have been to the United States.

　 —Really ? When _____ there ?

　　A. will they go   B. did they go   C. do they go   D. have they gone

(   )10、—______ you ___ your homework yet?

　　—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago.

A.Did; do; finished   B. Have; done; finished  

C. Have; done; have finished  D. will; do; finish

(   )11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978.

　　A. Joined   B. has joined   C. was in   D. has been in

(   )12、—Do you know him well ?

　　— Sure.We _________ friends since ten years ago.

　　A. were   B. have been   C. have become   D. have made

(   )13、—How long have you ____ here?

　　    —About two months.

　　A. been   B. gone   C. come   D. arrived

(   )14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.

　　A. has begun  B. had begun   C. has been on   D. began

(   )15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army.

    A. is   B. has   C. will   D. was

二、 句型转换。

1、He has never surfed, _____ ________?（改成反意疑问句）

2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)

______ __________have they been here?

3、The old man _________ last year. He _____ _______for a year. (die)

4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

　 This factory ______ ________ ________ for twenty years.

5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)

Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ for an hour.

答案：

一、单选：1-5：BBCDC   6-10：CCBBB   11-15：DBACA

二、句型转换。

　　1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead

　　4、has been open 5、has been away

过去将来时时态教研---杨艳

一、定义：表示从过去的时间看待将来要发生的动作或状态。即:过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态, 常用于宾语从句中。判断这种时态的依据是:要有表示过去的“动作”, 而不是时间。

二、构成：（例句如下：）

肯定句：主语+（was，were）going to+动词原形+其它

或：主语+would（should would）+动词原形+其它

否定句：主语+（was，were）not going to+动词原形+其它

或：主语+would（should could）not+动词原形 +其它 　

疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形+其它

或：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形+其它

三、用法：

1. 表示在过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态

Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn’t arrived until now.

上周他答应来的，可直到现在还没到。

2.过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作, 此时不管什么人称，一律用would。

I would play with him when I was a child. 当我还是孩童时，总是和他一起玩。

3、come， go， leave， arrive， start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。

He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.

他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。

4、条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard.

老师说，如果我不努力学习的话，就很难取得进步。

5、过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中

If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话，我就不会那样做。

Practice:

一、选择填空

(   )1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian _____to China next month. 

A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come 

(   )2. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China. 

A. spent   B. would spent     C. was going to spent D. would spend 

(   )3. —What did your son say in the letter? 

—He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day. 

A. will visit          B. has visited       C. is going to visit   D. would visit 

(   )4. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday. 

A. to come      B. is coming     C. will come       D. was coming 

(   )5. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year. 

A. took         B. would take    C. takes           D. will take 

(   )6. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables. 

A. are going to grow   B. were going to grow C. will grow     D. have grown 

(   )7. She ______ to work when the telephone rang. 

A. is going         B. will go      C. was about to go    D.  is to go 

二、用所给动词的适当形式填空

1. Miss Zhang said she _______________(visit) the Great Wall next summer.

2. She told him that she __________________(not stay) here for long. 

3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy______________________(come) the next year.

4.The scientists said the world’s population _______________ (slow) down in future.

5. She said the bus ___________________________ (leave) at five the next morning.

6. I wasn't sure whether he ________________(lend) me his book the next morning. 

7. He was fifty-six. In two years he ___________________________(be) fifty-eight. 

8. Whenever she has time, she _____________________(help) them in their work. 

答案：

一. 1-7 CDDDBBC 

二.  1. would visit 2. would not stay 3. would come 4. would slow 

5. was leaving 6. would lend 7. would be 8. would help

Homework:

(   )1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader ________ on Saturday.

A. is arriving 　　B. will arrive 　　C. would be arrived 　　D. would arrive

(   )2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we________ ready.

A. will be 　　　　B. would be 　　　 C. were 　　　　　D. are

(   )3. My aunt ________ to see us, she would be here soon.

A. is corning 　　 B. was coming 　　 C. came 　　　  　D. had came

(   )4. They would be given a new house if more ________ the next year.

A. will be built 　 B. would be built　  C. are built　　　　D. were built

(   )5. ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?

　---I ___, but I had an unexpected visitor.

A. had 　　　　　B. would 　　　　C. was going to 　　D. did

(   )6.---Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.

---Oh, how nice of you! I ___ you ___ to bring me a gift.

A. never think; are going  B. never thought; were going

C. didn’t think; were going D. hadn’t thought; were going

(   )7. This morning Alice ___ out ___ the door opened and in came some strangers.

A. was just about to go; while   B. went ; when

C. was going ; while           D. was just about to go; when

(   )8. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ___ office soon.

A. leaves 　　　B. would leave 　　　C. Left 　　　　　　D. had left

答案:

1. D 　　2. C　　 3. B　　 4. D　　 5 C 　　6. B 　　 7. B