浅谈初中英语阅读理解解题策略

扬州大学附属中学东部分校     吴蓓蓓

    摘要：阅读在英语教学中占有非常重要的位置，但英语阅读能力的提高不是一件容易的事，进行策略训练可以提高学生的阅读理解能力。教师要帮助学生找到适合自己的阅读策略同时在阅读过程中灵活运用这些策略，形成自主学习的能力，全面提高英语素质。

关键词：初中英语 阅读理解 题型 解题策略

阅读在英语教学中占有非常重要的位置，而且中考英语阅读理解题型的分值占英语总分的30分，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题。因此，在英语教学中要对学生阅读理解能力的提高加大力度，初中英语教材中的课文题材广泛，有人文历史、文学艺术、自然灾害、环境保护、科技成就和广告等各个领域，而且题材多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文等，是训练学生思维，开阔学生眼界，提高学生文化素养的宝贵资源。

    我国《考纲》对阅读理解测试有如下的要求：

1．   
掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；

2．   
既要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念；

3．   
既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；

4．   
既要理解某句、某段的意义，也要理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；

5．   
既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。

要实现如上的阅读技能，教师要充分利用好这些资源，有效、有目的、有意义地上好阅读课，培养学生学习扎实的阅读技能，训练学生的逻辑思维能力，同时兼顾学生听、说、读、写、译的能力。要提高学生的阅读能力，必须引导培养他们具有一定的阅读策略。下面以笔者所开设的一节初三英语研究课为例，谈一谈阅读理解解题策略的培养。

一.细节题解题策略

阅读理解细节题：指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。

细节题设题方式：1. 多数以特殊疑问句设问；

2．设问的检测点针对某一具体行为、地点时间、原因、方式、数量等.

常见的提问方式为：How did something happen?

Where
should somebody do something?

Which of
the following are NOT mentioned in the passage?

Which of
the following is TRUE?

 解题策略：

1）  比较法：在回答“Which of the following is （not）TRUE?”之类的问题时，可先比较题目所提供的四种表达的异同。这些表达往往存在着全面与片面、准确与含糊和表达的程度等差异，弄清了这些差异之后再核实文章的实际内容自然就能确定正确的选择。

2） 
语义法：这类题十分类似于句型转换，要求确定与文章中同义或近义词、短语和句子。它是检验学生对文章某些句子深层含义的细节理解而设置的。

3） 
WH-信息定位法：此类题大多涉及到时间、地点、人物、事件、情景、数字、原因等，往往以who, where, when, what, why和 how提问，所以浏览文章时要注意WH-信息，同时分析题干了解提问内容，从而找出正确的答案。

例一：A lot
of people like Jakie Chan. They like to
see him in movies. Why? He does things that American movie stars won’t try.
He even jumps a motorcycle onto a moving train. He often gets hurt, and
sometimes he is almost killed when making movies.

Jakie was born in 1954. He came from a very
poor family. His parents wanted to sell him to a doctor, but then they changed
their minds and decided to keep him. Jakie
practiced singing, dancing, and kung fu almost 12 hours every day. Jakie
learned a lot at school, but didn’t learn to read or write. When he
grew up, he worked very hard. He can even speak to Americans in English. Most
of the Chinese people know him, and everyone wants to see what he’ll do next. Of
course, he never disappoints them.

(  C  ) 1. Why do people love to see Jakie’s movie?

A.    
Because he often gets hurt in
movies.

B.     
Because he is cute and
handsome.

C.     
Because he does things that
American movie stars won’t try.

D.    
Because he can sing and dance.

(  A  ) 2. How often did Jakie practice singing,
dancing and kung fu?

A.    
Almost 12 hours a day.           B. Almost 20 hours a day.

C.     
Almost 12 hours a week.             D.
Almost 20 hours a week.

(  B  ) 3. Which of the following is TRUE according
to the passage?

A.    
Jakie cannot speak English.

B.     
Jakie didn’t learn to read or
write at school.

C.     
Jakie’s father is a doctor.

D.    
Jakie’ parents wanted him to be
a doctor.

二.主旨大意题解题策略

主旨大意题：旨在考察考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也就是考察考生的归纳概括和综合阅读能力。这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题（title, headline）、短文或段落的主题（subject）、中心思想（main idea）等。|

常见的提问方式为：The
main idea of the passage is _____.

The passage mainly tells about _____.

Which of the following is the best title for
the passage?

What is the writer’s main purpose?

What is the advice given in the passage?

解题策略：

要想确定文章的主题思想，最容易的方法就是找出文章的主题句。主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种：

1) 篇首。作者先立论，后摆事实，大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句。

2）篇尾。作者先摆事实，通过论证得出结论。有的文章的主题句出现在结尾。

3）篇中。有些文章开头先有个引子，第一句是过渡句，然后在中间用细节开始发展结论，提出观点，接着再议论，用细节继续说明。

4）自己概括。学生通过分析文章细节、标题、段与段之间的联系等方式把文章的主题自己概括出来。

例二：[原文] Saving money is improving your future
life. It is important to realize that by saving money now, you will be able to
do so many more things in your later years. You can retire early and spend time
travelling around the world. By saving money now, you will be able to do as
many things as you like and enjoy a good life.

(    )1.
Paragraph 2 tells us that by saving money__________.

A.        
you should do more things in
the future

B.         
it is easier for you to retire
whenever you wish to

C.         
it will be possible for you to
have a better future life

D.        
you will never do the things
you don’t like

答案为C。一般来说，段落首句给出主题句是英语短文中常见的写作手法，目的是开门见山直接引导读者理解段落的主旨要义。

三.推理判断题解题策略

推理判断题：既要求我们透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求我们对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要以自己的看法或观点做出错误的推理和判断。

常见的提问方式为：以infer(推断), imply(暗示), suggest, conclude(推断), learn, intend(意指), mean, describe, purpose等词提问；或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can, could,
might等和其他表示可能性的词，如probably,
most likely 等。

解题策略：

1） 
抓细节，根据细节周密分析推断，纵观全文，理清文章结构。

2） 
从主题句入手去推断作者的写作意图和写作目的。

3） 
从文章的内容和中心思想去推断作者的观点。

推断时要注意不能凭空想象，一定要牢牢抓住所给文章；把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，全面理解文章；不是从文章直接找出来的，而是根据文章中的一些证据判断出来的。

例三：During
the past on hundred years, there have been many inventions that help us live
better. Computers are one of them. With them, people can get all kinds of
information, play funny games and get or send messages quickly. People even don’t
need to see a doctor in the future. Many people believe computers are fantastic
and they can’t live without computers.

   But we are worried that many people will
lose their job and people won’t meet each other as often as before. Students
won’t study but spend too much time on computer games. In fact, getting
information from the computers doesn’t mean real learning. People need time to
think or to communicate with friends.

   Also, computers can’t fully replace people. After
all, machines should not be more important than people.

(   ) 1. What does the writer think of the
computer?

A.    
It doesn’t give enough
information to people today.

B.     
It takes away people’s chance
to think.

C.     
It is the most important
invention of the past 100 years.

D.    
It only brings us a lot of good
things.

答案为 B。原文中提到：In
fact, getting information from the computers doesn’t mean real learning. People
need time to think or to communicate with friends.

(    ) 2. What can we conclude from the reading?

A.    
People shouldn’t use the
computer anymore.

B.     
People in the world will enjoy
more inventions.

C.     
People can become smarter with
the help of computers.

D.    
People should be more careful
in using the computers.

答案为 D。读完全文后，你会了解作者的写作意图是 “人们应该更小心地使用电脑”。

四.词义猜测题解题策略

词义猜测题是根据上下文准确理解某些单词或短语的意思。分为没有学过的词和it, them 等代词所指代的内容。

常见的提问方式有：The underlined word “---” is closed in meaning to _______.

                  The underlined word “---”
most probably means _______.

                  The underlined word “---”
refers to ______.

                  By saying “---”, the writer
means _______.

解题策略：

在《词汇教学设计》这本书中，作者Paul Nation 给出以下简便易行的猜词判断方法：

1）Look at the unknown word and decide what part of speech it
is---noun, verb, adjective, adverb etc.

2) Look at the immediate context of the
word, that is, how does it relate to the words around it?

3) Look at the wide context of the word,
that is, how does the clause it occurs in relate to the preceding and following
clauses?

4) Guess the meaning of the word.

总的来说就是判断这个生词在句中的词性，与周围的词的联系是什么，功能和作用是什么。我们可以根据定义和解释来猜测词义；根据同义、反义、同等、同位等关系猜测词义；根据因果关系和上下文猜测词义。

五. 融入语境策略

在阅读文章时，要求学生能根据英语国家的文化背景知识和自己的生活常识、亲身经历等细细品味作者的写作目的、文章的论调和写作的思路，要把自己的思想融入到所读文章的内容当中，与作者一同喜怒哀乐，掌握作者的立场、态度和观点。

     英语阅读能力的提高不是一件容易的事，但是大量的研究实验证明，进行策略训练可以提高学生的阅读理解能力。教师要帮助学生找到适合自己的阅读策略同时在阅读过程中灵活运用这些策略，形成自主学习的能力，全面提高英语素质。不断扩大词汇量和阅读量，摒弃不良的阅读习惯，养成良好的阅读习惯和方法。通过多种媒介掌握中西方文化差异，提高自己本族语语言应用能力。按正确的方法，重视阅读技巧，持之以恒，就会滴水成河，积少成多，提高英语阅读水平。