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被动语态

一、概念：

英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)与被动语态（The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

例：1. They make trains in Xi’an. >> Trains are made in Xi’an by them.

2. Xm beats Xx evey day. >> Xx is beaten by Xm every day.

二、构成

be + done (p.p.--及物动词的过去分词）

一般现在时—— am／is ／are + v.p.p.

一般过去时—— was／were +v.p.p.

一般将来时—— will be／be going to be + v.p.p.

过去将来时——would be/was,were going to be + v.p.p

现在进行时——am/is/are being + v.p.p.

过去进行时——was/were being+ v.p.p.

现在完成时—— have/has +been+ v.p.p

情态动词—— aux.v. (must／can／could／may…) + be + v.p.p.

三、★被动语态的用法

(1)要表达“被…” 、“受…”、“让…”、“遭…”之类的语义.

The teachers are well respected.

The child is well loved by people.

(2)强调动作承受者.

He is known far and wide.他远近闻名.

(3)不知道式没有必要指出动作的执行者.

The room is cleaned every day.房子每天都有人打扫.

(4)为礼貌起见避免提及动作执行者.

I wonder if I was allowed to introduce myself?我是否可以做自我介绍?

四、主动句与被动句之间的转换

We           bought     some  books.

主语       谓语动词         宾语

Some books  were bought   ( by us )

主语           谓语动词  介词+宾语

               被动语态

主动句变为被动句所遵循以下3个步骤：

1.宾变主:把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语.

2.变被动: 把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。

3.主变宾+ by:

  原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。

一般现在时

1.He often helps me in English.

 ____________________________________

2.Lucy does her homework in the evening.

 ____________________________________

3.They make shoes in that factory.

 ____________________________________

4.Do you  water the flowers every day?

 ____________________________________

一般过去时

1.We built our school 95 years ago.

 ____________________________________

2.They planted many trees last year.

 ____________________________________

3.He didn’t take the  photo  in 2003.

 ____________________________________

4.Did  you  finish your homework?

 ____________________________________

一般将来时

1.We will hold our National Games in Jinan.

 ____________________________________

2. I will invite my teacher to the party.

 ____________________________________

3. He won’t finish his homework in an hour.

 ____________________________________

含情态动词的被动语态

1.We must clean the classroom every day.

 ____________________________________

2.Parents should allow the teenagers to choose their own clothes.

 ____________________________________

3.Uncle Wang can’t mend his bike. 

 ____________________________________

一般现在时的被动语态

主要结构为:

★主语(动作接受者) + is / am / are + 动词的过去分词+ (by+ 动作执行者)

Football is played in most countries in the world.

被动语态的句型总结如下:

肯定句:主语 + be + 过去分词 + (by ).

The boy is called Jack.

否定句:主语 + be not+ 过去分词 + (by ).

The baby is not looked after by his father.

一般疑问句:Be +主语 + 过去分词 + (by )

Is King Lear written by Shakespeare?

特殊疑问句:特殊疑词+ be + 过去分词 + (by )

What is this kind of sweater made of?

句式转换: 将被动句中所带的助动词 be,will,have,can,must …后加not或提到句首.

1.Father waters the flowers every day.      

被动: The flowers _____ _______ ____father every day.

否定:  The flowers _______ _______ _______father…

问句及答语:_______the flowers_______ _______father every day?      

           Yes, _______ _________.

2. He cut the old tree yesterday.  

被动:  The old tree ______ _____ _____ ______ yesterday.

否定: The old tree _____ _____ _____ ______....

问句及答语: _______the old tree ____ ____ _______ yesterday ?      

           No, ________ ________.

3. They will have a class meeting tomorrow.  

被动:  A class meeting_______ _______ ________ by them tomorrow.

4. We should do something to stop the pollution.

被动:  _______ ________ ________ ________to stop the pollution.

5. Do people use Chinese only in China?  

被动: _______Chinese_______ only in China ________people ?

6.  The lazy boy didn’t wash clothes yesterday. 

被动: Clothes __________ ________ by the lazy boy yesterday.

五．不用被动语态的情况

1. 某些及物动词+ adv表主动，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write，wear，wash，photograph, clean, cook, cut etc.

例：1. This book sells well.

2. Your pen writes really well/smoothly.

3. This dress (that) my mom bought for me wears well

4. She does not photograph well.

5. The cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft.

句子是主谓结构时，不用被动语态。常见的谓语动词有：happen, take place, (dis)appear, rise,

break out, come about, come true, come out, run out, turn out

例：1. A traffic accident happened just now.

2. Great changes are taking place in my hometown.

3. He disappears.

4. When a gay person comes out, they let people know that he is a gay.

2. 连系动词无被动：

① 感官系动词：look、feel、sound、smell、taste ;

②“表变化的系动词”：become、grow、turn、fall、get ;

③ “表保持的系动词”：keep, remain, stay ;

④ prove + 形容词，名词或不定式 。

六、注意

1. 使役动词(make, have, let) 和感官动词 (see, watch, notice, hear, find) 后跟省略了to的动词不定式, 但在被动语态中必须还原to。

例：1. We noticed a stranger enter the classroom. >> A stranger was noticed to enter the classroom.

2. We heard him sing that morning. >> He was heard to sing that morning.

3. They found him steal a necklace from a shop. >> He was found to steal a necklace from...

注意：这些感官动词在中考中会出现其后跟doing的备选项，其意义为“看到，听到，发现，注意到某人正在做某事 ”   eg: We saw him playing in the street.

make, see, hear, watch, notice等变被动语态时，必须还原to.  (be made/seen/ heard to do)

1.I often see him come  into  the  room．

 ____________________________________

2.The boss made the workers work all day

 ____________________________________

3.We heard  him sing this song in the room.

 ____________________________________

4.The coach makes the players play basketball ten hours a day.

The players _____ ____ ____ ___ basketball….

5.She heard the girls talk with each other.

The girls _______ _______ _______ talk with….

2. 含双宾语的被动语态：直接宾语（物）和间接宾语（人）

  主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：

① 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；

例：1. He gave a book to me.

>>> I was given a book by him.

2. He bought a gift for me.

>>> I was bought a gift by him.

②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。

例：1. He gave a book to me.

>>> A book was given to me by him

2. He bought a gift for me.

>>> A gift was bought for me by him.

含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，

1.give, offer, pass, show, lend, send, bring, return, tell等用介词to;  (be given to sb)

2.buy, make(制作), mend, cook, sing, get等用for. (be bought for sb)

1.My father gave me a bike as a birthday present.=

A bike ____ _____ _____ ______ as a birthday present.

I _____ _______ a bike as a birthday present.

2. She bought me a pen yesterday. =

 I _____ _____ _____ ______ yesterday.

A pen______ ______ _____ _____ yesterday.

3. My uncle sent me a Christmas present last year.

A Christmas present ___ ____ ____ me by my uncle last year.

3. 有些不及物动词加介词构成“及物动词短语”，变成被动语态时注意不能丢掉介词。

例：look after,  look at,  take care of,  take a photo of， laugh at , be used for

   1. He looks after his sister. >>> His sister is looked after by him.

   2. We must take good care of our children. >>> Our children must be taken good care of.

   3. I will take a photo of you. >>> You will be taken a photo of by me.

谓语动词是由不及物动词加介词或副词构成的。

1.She  takes good care of the baby.

 ____________________________________

2.You should speak to the old politely

 ____________________________________

3.He turned down the radio just now.

 ____________________________________

4.we should pay attention to our studies.

 ____________________________________

练习

一、选择题。

1. No permission has ______ for anybody to enter the building.

A. been given        B. gave        C. given            D. be give

2. By 2003, 28 Chinese culture relics ______ on World Heritage List by UNESCO.

A. be placed      B. placed       C. have been placed      D. have placed

3. A lot of money ______ to protect the old temple.

A. have been spent      B. has spent      C. have spent       D. has been spent

4. The Summer Palace ____ by so many tourists that some of the relics are not well protected.

A. has been visited     B. is visited      C. to be visited      D. visits

5. The Great Wall ______ many times in history.

A. is rebuilt      B. has been rebuilt      C. been rebuilt      D. rebuilt

6. The Stonehenge ___ existed for more than 3,000 years. A. is  B. be C. has been   D.has been

7.－How many times ______ not to play with fire?－I’m sorry. I’ll never do that again.

A. do you tell     B. had you told     C. are you told    D. have you been told 

8. The fire _______ to the fifth floor. _______ all the people _______?

A. has got; Have; been saved      B. has been got; Have; saved

C. has got; Do; save              D. has got; Have; saved

9. Old paintings ______ according to the descriptions.

A. are carefully recreated          B. have been carefully recreated

C. have be recreated              D. been carefully recreated

10. The ancient king’s tomb ______ by thieves.

A. be stolen   B. stole  C. stolen   D. has been stolen

11. More visitors ______ to Beijing since the repair project ______.

A. have brought; was completed    B. have been brought; was completed

C. have been brought; completed   D. have brought; completed

12. It is true that many of the world’s greatest cities ______ on the banks of a river.

A. have been built     B. have built      C. are being built           D. were built

13. Do you know the thief ______ by the police?

A. has caught       B. has been catching   C. was caught          D. has been caught

14.A big cinema ______ in our town next year.

A.   will build 　　　　 B.is built　　     C.will be built　    D.has built

15.    This book _____ by a famous writer many years ago.

A. writes　 B. is written　  　　　C. was writen　　　D. was written

16.In China the money ______ to children for good luck by their parents or other senior in Spring Festival.

A.       gives　　　　　　　B.is given　　　　　C.are given　　　 D.give

二、填空题。

1.The old man is ill. He must _________to the hospital. (send )

2.The book ___________by Lu Xun in 1920. ( write)

3. All the machines _________out yesterday. (sell)

4. The hospital _____________next year. (build)

5.This kind of book can't__________out of the library.(take)

6.He ______to play computer games   last night.(allow)

7.The boy ______often_______ not to go to the net bar.(tell)

8.He _____________ to the party last Sunday, but  he didn't go there. (ask)

9.The books must ___________to the library on time.(return)

10.The computer subject(电脑课) _________by Miss Zhang once a month.(teach)