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              现在完成时（I）

一、 定义：

    表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态。

二、结构： 主语+ have / has + 动词的过去分词

  we                          He

  They                        She

  I        have                It      has

  you                        (三单）

练习：选用have/has 填空：

1. Our teacher _____ studied Japanese for three years.

2.The Smiths ______ lived in China for 8 years.

3.How long _____ you  been here?

4.______the bus left yet?

5.Jack _______ already finished his homework.

6.I _______not met my net friends yet.

三、句式转换：

否定句：在have或has后加not（haven’t / hasn’t）

疑问句：将have/has放在句首  （Have you…?             Has he…?）

肯定式                                    否定式

I/You/We/They have finished the work.    I/You/We/They have not finished the work.

He/She/It has finished the work.    He/She/It has not finished the work.

疑问式                                         回答

Have I/you finished the work?          （肯）Yes, you/I have .（否）No, you/I haven’t.

Has he/she finished the work?          （肯）Yes, he/she has. （否）No, he/she hasn’t.

四、时间标志词

1.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。和already（已经),yet（还没、已经）just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）...times(...次)等连用。

   e.g.  I have just had my breakfast.(现在我不饿)

2.过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for或since引起的一段时间状语连用。

e.g.I  have lived here for ten years.

e.g.I have lived here since 2004.

五、过去分词的构成：

规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同，不规则动词的过去分词则需逐个记忆。

(注：例子中单词的变化顺序为：动词原形 → 动词的过去式  → 动词的过去分词)

一、过去式和过去分词的变化相同

规则变化：

1. 一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如：

   pick → picked → picked;  wish → wished → wished;  stay → stayed → stayed

2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d。如：

   like → liked → liked;   hope → hoped → hoped;   phone → phoned → phoned

3. 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-ed。如：

  study → studied → studied; hurry → hurried → hurried;  reply → replied → replied

4. 词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，要双写辅音字母，再加-ed。如：

   stop →    stopped → stopped;   clap → clapped → clapped

不规则变化：

5. 以不变应万变。如：

    let → let → let;   put → put → put;     read → read → read

6. 若中间有双写e，则去掉一个e，单词末尾再加t。如：

    feel → felt → felt;  keep → kept → kept;   sleep → slept → slept

7. 结尾的字母d变t。如：

    lend → lent → lent;  build → built → built;  send → sent → sent

8. 变为以-ought或-aught结尾。如：

   buy → bought → bought;  bring → brought → brought;

  catch → caught → caught;   teach → taught → taught

9.将i 改为a,变成过去式，改为u变成过去分词

  drink→drank→drunk;  begin→began→begun;   sing→sang→sung

构词变化形式：

 （1）A--A--A

   cut → cut → cut;     read → read → read;

  (2)A--B---B

   think → thought → thought;  shoot → shot → shot;  lose → lost → lost;

 （3）A--B--C

   choose → chose→ chosen; take→ took → taken;   do → did → done;

  (4)  A--B---A

    run → ran → run;   come→ came → come;  sing→ sang → sung

活学活用：

1. Write the forms of the past tense and  past participle:

drink  ______ ______  build ______ ______      meet_____   ______

    see   ______ ______   go     ______ ______   come_____   ______   

    find   ______ ______  get   ______ ______     bring______  ______

    leave  ______ ______  be    ______ ______     sing ______   _______

tell    ______ ______  buy   ______ ______    cut   _____   ______

    make______ ______    take_______  _______    lose ______  _______

 语法重点：

 注：already和yet都可以作为现在完成时的标志词，但它们的用法不同。

◆already一般用于肯定句中。如：

    We have already cleaned up our classroom.

 注意：already用于疑问句中时通常表示惊奇。如：

    Have you finished your homework already? I can’t believe it.

 yet一般用于疑问句和否定句中。如：

    Have you seen her yet?

   The bus hasn’t come yet.

练习：选用already 与yet 填空：

 1. I have _______ seen him before, so I know him.

 2. Jack has _________ finished his homework.

 3.She has ________ come.  

 4.I haven’t read it ______.

 5.Have you seen the film ______?

 6.They have _______found the dog, haven't they?

                       现在完成时（II）

一.表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语”连用，如

“for+时间段”、“since+过去时间点”、“since+过去时的从句”、“since+一段时间+ago”、

 “so far=up to now” 至今 “in the past/last few years”在过去的几年里

  e.g. Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city ．

    自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。  

   I haven’t seen him for three years. 我三年没有看见他了。  

(注：for与since引导的时间状语可以相互转换。）

e.g. My uncle has worked at this factory for ten years.

= My uncle has worked at this factory since ten year ago.

含有for，since的现在完成时的用法歌诀:

过去的动作或状态，一直持续到现在，for、since 把时间带。

二.句子中动词的特点：

此种用法中表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词(否定句除外)。

1. 这本书我买了5年了。

   I have bought the book for five years. ( × )

   I’ve had the book for five years. ( √ )

2. 你哥哥参军多长时间了？

     How long has your brother joined the army? ( ×  )

     How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier? (  √ )

三．1. 转换为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时。

  borrow — keep               buy — have                 put on — wear

  catch a cold — have a cold      get to know — know       get to sleep — sleep

   2. 转化为“be + 形容词/副词/介词/名词”

    begin / start — be on（开始)             go out — be out(出去）  

    close — be closed （关闭）              open — be open （打开）        

    get to/arrive/reach — be (in)（到达）   die — be dead （死亡）           

    finish — be over （完成）        fall sleep — be asleep（睡着）   

    join — be in/be a member of（参加）         become — be （变成）  

    make friends —be friends （交朋友）   come/go/ — be + 相应的介词短语（来/去）

    leave — be away（离开）                   come back---be back（回来）

Exercise：

1. She _______ this book for nearly three weeks.

 A. has borrowed      B. has lent    C. has bought    D. has kept

四、have been to ,have been in, have gone 的区别：

比较：He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在这儿）

      He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。（人已走，不在这儿）

have / has been (to) 表示“曾经到过某地”，说话时此人不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。

have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去某地了”，说话时此人可能在路上或已到那里，反正不在这里。 (当have / has been to 中的to后为表示地点的副词there, here等时，to要省略)

have been in sw   呆在某处一段时间了（时间状语由for/since引导）

e.g.Jerry have been in New York for 4 days.

Exercise：

1. —Have you ever ________ an amusement park?

—Yes, I have. I ________ Fun Times Amusement Park last year.

A. been to; have gone to   B. gone to; have been to  C. go to; went to    D. been to; went to

2. —Dad, where is mom?

—She ________ the supermarket.

A. has gone to        B. has been to         C. is going to 

3. —How many times ________ Carl ________ to the Great Wall?

—Only once.

A. does; go                 B. did; go           C. has; gone               D. has; been

4. —Where is your father, Bruce?

—He ________ Shanghai. He’ll be back in 3 days.

A. has been to      B. has gone to    C. went to

5. —May I speak to Mr. Black?

—Sorry, he ________ Hong Kong. But he ________ back in a few days.

A. has been to; will come B. has gone to; will come C. has been to; came  D. has gone to; came

五、一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

比较：I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。(我了解这部电影的内容)

      I saw the film last month.  我上个月看了这部电影。 (只说明上星期看了这部电影），

①一般过去时只强调过去的动作；现在完成时强调过去的事情对现在的影响。

② 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用；现在完成时则不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。

③ 一般过去时单纯表示过去的经历；现在完成时表示过去的动作或状态延续到现在并可能持续下去。

练习：

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.

1. I _______ (join) the book club last month and I _________ (read) five books already.

2. I only _______ (start) taking French classes last week and I ___________ (learn) 50 French words already.

3. Tony ________ (buy) a pop music CD yesterday but he ____________ (listen) to it yet.

4. They ___________ (listen) to many songs by The Beatles, but they cannot ________ (sing) any of them.

5. She _________ (see) the newspaper on the table this morning, but she _________ (have) anytime to read it yet.

【句型巩固】

1. Nancy has to do some exercise to keep healthy. (改为否定句)

Nancy ____________  ___________ to do _________ exercise to keep healthy.

2. Nancy has had breakfast. (改为否定句)

Nancy ______ _______breakfast.

3. I have a backache.(一般疑问句并回答)

 _______ you  ________ a backache  ? –Yes,I _____.No,I ______.

4. I have been to Shanghai twice. .(一般疑问句并回答)

 ______ you _______ to Shanghai twice.?- Yes,I _____.No,I _______

5.Tom joined the army four days ago（改同义句）

Tom ______ ________ _______ the army for four days.

6 他们来这里多久了(完成译句)

_______  ________ have they ________ here?.

【语法过关】  单选题

(  )1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .
　　Ａ. knew    Ｂ. have known     Ｃ. must know    Ｄ.will know
(  )2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
　　Ａ. already    Ｂ.never    Ｃ.ever    Ｄ. still
(  )3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　　Ａ. just   Ｂ. ago     Ｃ.before     Ｄ. a moment ago
(  )4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
　　Ａ. is writing     Ｂ.was writing     Ｃ.wrote     Ｄ.has written

(  )5、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
　　Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study   Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
(  )6、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　　Ａ. know   Ｂ. had known    Ｃ. have known    Ｄ. knew
(  )7、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see     Ｂ. have seen    Ｃ. saw     Ｄ.see
(  )8、—These farmers have been to the United States .
　　 —Really ? When _____ there ?
　　Ａ. will they go    Ｂ. did they go    Ｃ. do they go    Ｄ. have they gone
(  )9.—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
　　 —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
　　Ａ. Did ; do ; finished           Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　　Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished    Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
(  )10.How long have you _______here?

A. come    B. arrived.    C. got D. been

(  )11.He is not at home,he has______Jiefangbei.

A.been to   B.go to   C.gone to   D.been in

(  )12,She _____in Chongqing 5 days ago,she has_____ in Chongqing for 5 days

A.arrived,arrived   B.been,arrived   C. arrived,been   D.got, been

(  )13.His grandpa_______since 2000

A.died     B.has been deaded     C.has been dead      D.has died

(   )14—Do you know the movie Lost in Thailand?  —Yes. I ______ it twice. It’s funny.

     A. saw  B. see C. have seen   D. will see

(   ) 15—Lunch?  —No, thanks. I__________.

       A. will eat   B. am eating  C. have eaten

(   ) 16— When _____ the film _____ ? —It _____ for five minutes.

A．has/ begun; began          B．did/ begin; has been on 

C．has/begun; has been on      D．will/ begin; is going to begin

（  ）17—Why is Mr. Yang still in the teachers’office?—Maybe he ________ his work yet.

      A. doesn’t finish   B. hasn’t finished      C. haven’t finish