1．就近一致原则

(1)由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.

(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.

2．意义一致原则

(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况

①表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。

Politics is his favorite subject.

②表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。

Do you know when the United Nations was set up?

(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况

表示总称意义的名词，如people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

The police are searching for the murderer.

(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定

①集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。

As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.

②“the＋形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。

The poor were looked down upon in the old days.

3．语法一致原则

(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语

①“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。

The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.

②“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋a/the＋名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。

The teacher and the poet have just arrived.

③“every＋名词单数＋and＋every＋名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。

Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.

④通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Bread and butter is not to his taste.

(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

Is fifty pounds enough?

(3)“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。

Two­thirds of the books are about science.

Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.

◆倒装句的核心考点

1．全部倒装

(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。

Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about.

(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。

There goes the phone.I’ll answer it.

(3)such作表语置于句首时。

Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist.

(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。

“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.

(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。

In the center of the square stands a monument.

(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

2．部分倒装

在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。

(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。

Little does he care about what others think.

(2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。

Neither does he drink nor smoke.

(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。

Only then did I find I had made a mistake.

(4)在so/such...that...从句中，当so＋形容词/副词或such＋名词位于句首时。

So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.

(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/as＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也是……”。

Times have changed and so have I.

(6)当neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也不……”。

They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we.

(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把助动词were，had，should提到主语前面。

Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much.

(8)as和though引导的让步状语从句。

Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open.

(9)“may＋动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。

May you succeed!

◆强调句的核心考点

1．使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。

First impressions really do count.

2．运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。

强调句型的基本句型结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：

(1)强调句型中的主谓一致

在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式It is/was...，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。

It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.

(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。

It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.

(3)强调句型的疑问句

在强调句中，无论被强调部分是什么句子成分，变为一般疑问句时，都须将主句改为疑问语序，即将“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分”改为“Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分？”或“疑问词＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”结构。

Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?

When was it that she changed her mind?

(4)在对not...until...结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。

I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.＝It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.

注意事项：

1．如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。

He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.

2．强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。

在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句It is/was...保持一致。

It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it?

3．强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。

在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构。

It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.

4．强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。

当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词“that”，原句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。

It was at 14：28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)

It was 14：28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(状语从句)

◆省略句的核心考点

1．状语从句中的省略

由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为be，而主语与主句的主语相同时，则从句的主语和be可省略；或从句的主语为it，谓语动词为be时，也可省略从句中的it和be。

When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.

If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.

2．不定式的省略

单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，则要保留be，have，have been。

—Will you please look after my house when I’m away?

—I’m glad to.

—Are you a sailor?

—No.But I used to be.

Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been.

3．常考的几个省略形式

if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller...than等。

4．并列句中的省略

并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。

He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.

My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.

◆特殊句式与语法填空

特殊句式常考的语法项目包含主谓一致、倒装句、强调句、省略句、感叹句、祈使句等。考查形式有谓语动词的数、状语从句的省略中的非谓语动词、以及助动词、替代词或标志性的词等。

典题试做1

在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内所给词的正确形式

1．Yangshuo         (be) really beautiful.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

答案　is

解析　考查主谓一致和动词时态。本段介绍阳朔的自然条件，属客观事实，要用一般现在时，由于主语是单数第三人称形式，故填is。

2．Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century          his musical gift was fully recognized.(2015·重庆)

答案　that

解析　考查强调句。本句是一个强调句型，其基本结构是：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他，本句被强调部分是not until the early 19th century，故填that。

3．         after talking to two students did I discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.(2015·湖南)

答案　Only

解析　考查倒装句。only放在句首，后面跟状语时，使用部分倒装结构。

4．—Do you think George has passed the driving test?

—No.If         ，he would have driven his car to our college yesterday.(2013·福建)

答案　so

解析　考查替代。“如果通过的话”，用so替代前面George has passed the driving test。

5．Call me tomorrow          I’ll let you know the lab result.(2014·大纲全国)

答案　and

解析　由语境可知，此处是“祈使句＋and＋简单句”这一固定句式结构，故填and。

6．         a strange plant！I’ve never seen it before.(2011·辽宁)

答案　What

解析　因为空后的中心词plant是名词，所以用what引导该感叹句。What a strange plant！也可表达成How strange a plant，即how后的中心词为形容词或副词。故填what。

应对策略1

注意分析句式结构，确定为何种特殊句式，再根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。

◆特殊句式与短文改错

短文改错中对于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主谓不一致、以及含有助动词的谓语结构错误、替代词的错用等。

典题试做2

单句改错(每小题1处错误)

1．Hard work have made him very ill.(2013·辽宁)

答案　have→has

解析　考查主谓一致。work为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。

2．Finally，there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.(2013·陕西)

答案　were→was

解析　考查主谓一致。There be应该与其后主语a sudden pull在数上保持一致。

3．In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports were steady，around three per week.(2011·辽宁)

答案　were→was

解析　考查主谓一致。主语为the rate，为第三人称单数形式，故were改为was。

4．I couldn’t believe my luck—not only did I had my photo taken with him，but he signed his name on my shirt！(2011·陕西)

答案　had→have

解析　考查倒装句的谓语结构，“did＋主语＋动词原形”，故had应改为have。

5．Luckily I had all my money in my pocket，but the only clothes I had was those I had on.(2011·新课标全国)

答案　was→were

解析　考查主谓一致。该句谓语应该与主语the clothes一致，故was应改为were。

6．After we left，I said，“That was very nice of you，Mother.But I didn’t think she looked like Grandma.”“Neither did me，”said Mother cheerfully.(2010·浙江)

答案　me→I

解析　考查倒装句。“neither＋助动词＋主语”结构中，主语应该用主格形式，故me应改为I。

应对策略2

遇到特殊句式，要注意主谓一致、强调句、倒装句、省略句、祈使句、感叹句、反意疑问句等的构成特点。

◆书面表达中特殊句式易错点聚焦

在书面表达中适当引入特殊句式，可提高表达的层次，增强交际效果。但是学生在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：

1．主谓不一致

(误)Your friend and adviser have agreed to lend me some money.

(正)Your friend and adviser has agreed to lend me some money.

(误)Many a scientist havesacrificed their lives for science.

(正)Many a scientist hassacrificed his life for science.

(误)Mr.Wang，together with his wife，have gone to Australia.

(正)Mr.Wang，together with his wife，has gone to Australia.

(误)Each of the boys havetheir own books.

(正)Each of the boys hashis own books.

(误)The blind isnot able to walk without sticks.

(正)The blind arenot able to walk without sticks.

(误)Five years havepassed since then.

(正)Five years haspassed since then.

2．缺乏运用意识

语言输出时，多用正常语序的简单句、并列句等。而缺乏运用特殊句式的意识。

(简单句堆积)I am Li Hua.I am chairman of the Student Union.I am from Chenguang High School.

(同位语)I am Li Hua，chairman of the Student Union，from Chenguang High School.

(一般表达)I didn’t realize its importance until I was chosen monitor of my class in my senior middle school.

(倒装句)Not until I was chosen monitor of my class in my senior middle school did I realize its importance.

(强调句)It was not until I was chosen monitor of my class in my senior middle school that I realized its importance.

3．运用中出现语法错误

(误)Only work hardcan you achieve your goal.

(正)Only by working hard can you achieve your goal.

(误)There havesome problems exist in our school.

(正)There existsome problems in our school.

(误)Only after the war learned he the sad news.

(正)Only after the war did he learn the sad news.

(误)It was at midnight when I got back home yesterday.

(正)It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.

(正)It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．One day，he came up with an idea that he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.He did          the next day.

答案　so

解析　句中did so替代的是上文同位语从句中的动词短语pluck up all of his crop a few inches。

2．Film has a much shorter history，especially when         (compare) to such art forms as music and planting.

答案　compared

解析　本句实际上是when it is compared to such art forms as music and painting的省略，省略掉主语及be动词。

3．Her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party，but she still hopes         .

答案　to

解析　句意为：她父母不让她去参加聚会，但她仍然希望去参加。此句为省略句，补充完整应为：...，but she still hopes to go to the party.。

4．         with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise.

答案　Only

解析　由can you expect to...可知，这是倒装句，根据倒装结构“only＋状语(with hard work)”可知应填副词only。

5．Not          I caught sight of my teacher in the crowd did I calm down.

答案　until

解析　句意为：直到我在人群中看见我的老师我才平静下来。not until位于句首，句子要部分倒装。

6．Either you or the headmaster         (be) to hand out the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.

答案　is

解析　谓语与the headmaster一致，故be用第三人称单数is。

7．The teacher，with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class，         (visit) a museum when the earthquake struck.

答案　was visiting

解析　谓语与the teacher一致，又根据惯用句型结构was/were doing...when...可知，用过去进行时态。

8．Two fifths of the land in that district         (be) covered with trees and grass.

答案　is

解析　谓语与the land一致，用单数。

9．With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth         (wash) away each year.

答案　are being washed

解析　因quantities of作主语，谓语用复数；earth与wash之间是被动关系，需用被动式，指近些年或近阶段正在发生的事，用现在进行时。

10．He is the only one of the students who         (be) a winner of scholarship for three years.

答案　has been

解析　谓语应与the only one一致，又由for three years可知用完成时。

Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

1．The singer and dancer are to attend our evening party.

答案　dancer前加the或are→is

2．They each has an apple.

答案　has→have

3．He joins the football team who is all famous footballers.

答案　is→are

4．Dr.Smith，together with his wife and daughters，are going to visit Beijing this summer.

答案　are→is

5．As a result of the serious flood，two­thirds of the buildings in the area needs repairing.

答案　needs→need

6．Those who likes to sing can join us.

答案　likes→like

7．So loudly he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

答案　he前加did

8．If you don’t go there tomorrow，neither does Tom.

答案　does→will

9．Hard although he tried，he was unable to make much progress.

答案　although→as/though

10．I can’t swim and so can Kate.

答案　so→neither

Ⅲ.语法填空

A

Dealing with homeless families 1.is(be) one part of my job.It was from a single mother 2.that the very first call I had was.She was weeping.Not until I promised to help her 3.did she stop weeping.After being told that she had got into a terrible car accident，I learned that accident made her lose her job.Fell behind with her rent 4.and she was being forced to leave her apartment.She had to pay for the rent.5.If not，nowhere could she and her two children go.

Having explained the situation，she stopped，saying，“I’m so sorry！Thank you for letting me tell my story.I’ve tried every shelter and church organization in the area but no one 6.does listen or care.”

7．What an unfortunate thing！At that time there being no openings for family housing，I took her number down and told her I’d call her right back.Later，hardly 8.had I found an opening for a family in a shelter in her area when I called her back.She was shocked when 9.answering(answer) my call.She said，“Never 10.did I really expect you to call me back.”I gave her the good news and she started weeping again.But this time they were tears of happiness and hope.

B

Waitress：Yes，Sir.You called?

Customer：Yes，I wonder if you could bring me one 11.more(many) bottle of beer.

Waitress：I 12.certainly(certain) can.May I ask who you are waiting for?

Customer：Well，my grandson is supposed 13.to meet (meet) me in London at the airport.Do you think he’ll be able to find me?

Waitress：I’m sure he will.You don’t have to worry about that.Are you going to be visiting him?

Customer：Yes.I’ve never seen my grandson.I wish I 14.had seen(see) him! In that case，I can recognize him easily.

Waitress：I think you’ll have a wonderful time in London,15.which is very beautiful.Is this your first time abroad?

Customer：No，I saw quite a bit of Europe before，Rome，Berlin，places like that，but I’ve never been to Paris.If I had the chance next year，I 16.would visit (visit) Paris.

Waitress：Oh，then you have flown before too?

Customer：No，that 17.was(be) during the Second World War and I went to Europe on a large ship carrying soldiers.

Waitress：Things are quite 18.different(difference) in Europe nowadays.

Customer：I’m sure they are.I’m really 19.interested(interest) to get there.

Waitress：By 20.the way，will you be staying long?

Customer：It depends，but I plan to stay for at least five weeks.

Waitress：I think you’ll have a good time.I’ll go and get a beer for you.