【研修作业】-张凯杰/高中英语4坊/市直

目标认知

重点词汇

burst, ruin, injure, shock, rescue, trap, bury, congratulation，judge

重点短语

right away, at an end, a (great) number of, dig out,

重点句型

1. too...to的用法

2. All...not....  不是所有的……都……

3.  ...as if...  ……如同……

知识讲解

1. right away

【原句回放】Imagine your home begins to shake and you must leave it right away. 假设你的房子开始晃动，你必须立刻离开。

【点拨】right away意为“立刻，马上”，同义短语为at once。

Are you leaving right away? 你马上就走吗?

Call the police right away. 立刻报警！

【拓展】表示“立刻”的短语：right away, without delay, immediately, at once, in no time, right now（right now强调此刻，相当于at this moment）

Please see into this matter without delay.  请立即调查这件事情。

Right now I am in London. 此刻我在伦敦。

2. burst

【原句回放】In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst. 在市内，有些建筑物的水管爆裂了。

【点拨】burst (burst, burst)

vi. 破裂；胀破；爆裂

The balloon suddenly burst. 气球突然爆炸了。

I felt as if my heart would burst with joy.  我觉得自己高兴得心花怒放。

n．爆发；突然爆裂

I tend to work in bursts. 我的工作劲头往往是一阵一阵的。

a burst of anger 勃然大怒

【拓展】常用短语：

burst into + n. = burst out doing sth. 突然……起来

burst into tears/song/laughter= burst out crying/singing/laughing　突然大哭/唱歌/大笑

burst into a room=break into a room 破门而入

He burst into the room without knocking.  他不敲门就进了房间。

burst (sth.) open （使）突然打开   

burst in 突然打断，插嘴

burst with 充满   

The roads are bursting with cars.  路上塞满了汽车。

be bursting to do sth. 急于（或迫切想）做某事

at a (one) burst  一口气，一下子

3. at an end

【原句回放】It seemed as if the world was at an end. 仿佛到了世界末日！

【点拨】at an end 结束，终结

The hot days are at last at an end. 炎热的天气终于结束了！

【拓展】常用短语：

at the end of 在……尽头；末端（指时间或空间的一个终点）

by the end of 到……结束时；到……时候为止（常与完成时态连用）

By the end of last month, he had been on that ship for two years.

到上个月为止，他在那艘船上已经两年了。

bring sth. to an end (使)结束；终止

come to an end 结束

make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；量入为出，靠微薄收入为生

put an end to 使结束

  The year is at an end/coming to an end.  一年结束了。

in the end   最后, 结果

She tried many times to pass the exam, and in the end she succeeded.

他试了很多次去通过考试，最终他成功了。

4. ruin

【原句回放】In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins. 在可怕的十五秒钟内，一座大城市变成了废墟。

【点拨】ruin  n. 毁灭；废墟。表示“废墟、遗迹”时常用ruins：

the ruins of ancient Rome 古罗马遗迹；in ruins 荒芜的；be/lie in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪；

fall into/go to ruin 衰落；败落

The castle now lies in ruins. 这座古堡已成废墟。

bring sth. / sb. to ruin 使某物毁灭；使某人破产

The war brought ruin to the country.   战争毁了这个国家。

v.  毁坏；毁掉；使破产

I was ruined by the law case. 我被那场官司搞得倾家荡产。

ruin oneself 毁掉自己

ruin one’s hopes 使某人希望破灭

【拓展】destroy, ruin, damage的区别

damage指部分“损坏”、“破坏”或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词，也可以用作名词，用作名词时常与to something 连用。

Hundreds of houses in the area were damaged by the storm.

暴风雨毁坏了这个地区数以百计的房屋。

　　The accident did a lot of damage to his car. 这次车祸使他的车受到很大的损坏。

　　destroy只能用作动词，指彻底破坏，以致不可能修复，常作“破坏”、“毁灭”解,也可以指希望、计划等打破。

The earthquake destroyed almost the whole town. 地震几乎毁灭了整个城镇。

His hope of being a writer was destroyed. 他想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。

ruin则表示破坏严重，以致不能修复，但这种破坏不像destroy那样毁灭某物，而是强调致使该物的使用价值发生了问题。用作动词时，它作“使毁灭”、“使崩溃”解；用作名词时，它表示“毁灭”、“瓦解”、“废墟”等抽象概念。

　　The house has fallen into ruin. 房子倒塌了。

　　The company is facing ruin.  这家公司面临破产。

5. dig out

【原句回放】The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 军队组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。

【点拨】dig out 挖出，翻找出

The injured men have been dug out of the snow. 受伤人员从雪中被挖了出来。

The truth was dug out. 真相被揭露出来了。

    Why did you dig out all these old magazines? 你把这些旧杂志翻出来做什么?

【拓展】相关短语：

dig down 挖倒

dig in  挖土以渗进（肥料等）；开始做细致工作

dig for  发掘，搜集（资料等）

dig into  钻研，掘进去

dig at 讽刺，挖苦

6. a (great) number of

【原句回放】Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were sleeping. 这么大数量的人们死去是因为地震发生时人们正在睡觉。

【点拨】a great number of 许多、大量的，后面一定要加可数名词复数。

A great number of problems have arisen.  出现了许多问题。

The concert attracted a great number of people. 音乐会吸引了许多人。

【拓展】表示“许多”的短语归纳：

后接可数名词复数：

a large/ great/ good number of; a great/ good many; a good few/ quite a few

后接可数名词单数：many a +可数名词单数+ 单数谓语动词

后接不可数名词：a great/ good deal of; a great/ large amount of; quite a little

后接可数名词/不可数名词均可：a lot of/ lots of; a great/ large quantity of; large quantities of; plenty of

7. injure

【原句回放】Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake. 三分之二的人在地震中死亡或受伤。

【点拨】injure vt. 伤害；使……受伤；injure也可以表示“损害（名誉），伤害（感情）”。

His back was injured. 他的后背受伤。

There were two people injured in the car accident. 在这次车祸中有两人受伤。

He spoke in an injured voice. 他用委屈的声音说话。

injury n. 伤害，损害

injured adj. 受伤的

the injured 伤者

do an injury to sb.　伤害某人

an injured look/expression　委屈的样子/表情

【拓展】辨析injure，wound，hurt

injure 指由于意外或事故受伤，为一时难愈之伤。

He can’t play today because he’s injured his knee. 因为伤了膝盖，他今天不能比赛。 wound 指外伤，特别是枪伤、刀伤、剑伤。

The bullet wounded his arm.  子弹伤了他的胳膊｡

hurt 是“受伤”的一般用语，既可指肉体上的伤害，亦可指精神上的伤害，还可做不及物动词，意为“疼痛；引起痛苦”。

His words hurt me. 他的话伤我了｡

    My knees hurt and my feet hurt, too.  我的膝盖疼，脚也疼。

8. shock

【原句回放】People were shocked.   人们感到震惊。

【点拨】shock   v. “使震惊”，语气强烈。以人做主语时，用被动形式。后接介词at/by时表示“对……吃惊”；后接不定式时表示“因做某事而吃惊”。

be shocked at/by…    对……感到震惊

be shocked to do sth.  很吃惊地……

It shocked sb. to see/hear… 看到/听到……使某人震惊

They were shocked by her rudeness. 他们被她的粗鲁震惊了。

It shocked me to think how close we had come to being killed.

想到我们差点丧命，我心惊肉跳。

    n.  冲击，震惊, 表示“一件令人吃惊的事”时一般为可数名词。

with/from shock　 由于震惊

suffer from shock  休克

be a shock to sb. 对某人来说是一个打击

It was a great shock for him when his wife died. 他妻子的死对他来说是一个重大的打击。

【拓展】shocking 令人震惊的，骇人听闻的；shocked  受震惊的，惊愕的

The result of the game is shocking.  游戏结果令人震惊。

I’m shocked at his change.  我对他的改变十分吃惊。

9. rescue

【原句回放】Some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins.  有些救援人员和医生被困在废墟中。

【点拨】rescue  v. 救援，救助

rescue sb./ sth from… 把某人/某物从……中解救出来

rescue sb. from danger 救某人脱险

They rescued the boy from drowning.  他们挽救了落水的孩子。

He rescued three children from the burning building.  

他从燃烧的建筑物中救出了三个孩子。

n. 救援；营救，可以放在名词前作定语。

The rescue team made ten rescues in a week.  救援队一周进行了十次救援工作。

come to/go to sb’s rescue 来/去营救某人

【拓展】辨析rescue，save

rescue “营救；援救”，指从直接的、迫在眉睫的危险中解救。

A team was sent away to rescue the people trapped in the fire.

一支队伍被派去救援困在火灾中的人们。

save “救；拯救”，为一般用语，指通过救援使其脱离危险祸患并能安全生存下去。

They could think of no way to save the situation.  他们想不出什么办法来挽救这个局势。

10. trap

【原句回放】Some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins.  有些救援人员和医生被困在废墟中。

【点拨】trap  v. 困住；关住；使陷入危险之中

be trapped in… 困住……中，陷在……中

trap sb. into doing sth. 诱骗某人做某事

The car was trapped in the deep snow.  汽车陷在厚厚的雪中。

n. 陷阱；圈套

Look! A mouse was caught in the trap.  看，一只老鼠掉进陷阱。

She had set a trap for him and he had walked straight into it.

她为他设下了一个圈套，他径直走进去了。

11. bury

【原句回放】The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 军队组成小分队，将受困的人们挖出来，将死者掩埋。

【点拨】bury  v. 埋葬；埋藏；隐藏

Where is she buried?  她被葬在哪里？

The dog buried a bone in the ground.  狗埋了一块骨头在地下。

bury one’s face in one’s hands 双手掩面

She buried her face in her hands and cried. 她双手掩面，哭了。

bury oneself in sth. /doing sth. =be buried in… 专心致志于……

bury oneself in study 埋头研究

be buried in thoughts 沉思

be buried alive 被活埋

12. congratulation

【原句回放】Congratulation! We are pleased to tell you that...  祝贺你！我们非常高兴地告诉你……

【点拨】congratulation  n. “祝贺；贺词”，常用复数，但表抽象意义时不用复数。

offer/send one’s congratulations to sb. on sth.   就某事向某人表示祝贺

We offered our congratulations to him on his success. 我们就他的成功向他表示祝贺。

—We’re getting married.  我们要结婚了。

—Congratulations!  祝贺你！

congratulate  v.  祝贺

congratulate sb. on/ upon sth. 祝贺某人……

I congratulated them all on their results.  我对他们的结果表示祝贺。

congratulate sb. on doing sth.  祝贺某人做了某事

congratulate oneself on (doing) sth. 庆幸自己(做了)某事

I congratulated myself on having chosen a good woman to be my wife.  

我很庆幸自己娶了一个好女人做妻子。

【拓展】辨析congratulate，celebrate

congratulate “祝贺”，多是个人行为，个人之间的祝贺。

celebrate “庆祝”，后面常接生日、胜利、纪念日等名词，即宾语是sth.，通常是以多人参加的某种形式进行。

We’re celebrating our grandpa’s ninetieth birthday next week.

我们下周要庆祝奶奶的九十岁生日。

13. judge

【原句回放】Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year.  五人评审团听了你的演讲，一致同意这是本年度最佳演讲。

【点拨】judge  n．裁判员；法官

The judge’s decision is final. 裁判的决定为最终决定。

The judge sentenced him to five years in prison.  法官判他五年监禁。

    v.  判定；判断；认为

As far as I can judge, all of them are to blame.  依我看，他们都该受到责备。

What gives you the right to judge other people?   你有什么权利去给别人当裁判？

judging from/by…    从……判断

Judging from his accent, he is an American.  从他的口音判断，他是美国人。

Don’t judge a book by its cover. 勿以貌取人。

judge sb/sth. to be 认为某人、某物……

I judge him to be about 50.  我认为他大约五十岁。

14. rise, raise词义辨析

【原句回放】The cyclists hope to raise money to help tens of thousands of children in disaster-hit areas in China. 自行车手们希望能募集一些钱来帮助中国受灾地区的成千上万的孩子。

【点拨】raise在句中意为“募集”，相当于collect。raise为及物动词，意为“举起；使升起；提高；喂养；募集”。rise是不及物动词，意为“上升；上涨；增加”。

He rose from his chair when the door bell rang.  当门铃响起的时候他从椅子上站起来。

Many shops have raised their prices. 很多商店已经涨价了。

Her job is raising chickens.  她的工作是养鸡。

Her temperature is still rising. 她的温度还在上升。

15. nation, country, state 词义辨析

【原句回放】One-third of the nation felt it.  这个国家的三分之一都感觉到了。

【点拨】country 指国家时，侧重疆土或人口。

China is a socialist country.  中国是一个社会主义国家。

nation指国家时，侧重人民、民族。

The whole nation was sad at the news.  听到这个消息，举国悲伤。

state 指国家时，侧重政体、政府，也可指组成国家的“州”。

a NATO member state   一个北约成员国

Queensland is one of the states of Australia. 昆士兰是澳大利亚的一个州。

16. event, accident, happening, occurrence词义辨析

【原句回放】But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night. 但是这个城市（唐山市）的一百万市民几乎都没有把这些情况当回事，当晚照常睡着了。

【点拨】event 主要指重要的事件(国家的、社会的、边界的等) 。

This is one of the chief events of this year.  这是今年发生的重要事件之一。

accident 一般指意外发生的不幸事件。

Over 70,000 people are killed or seriously injured every year in road accidents.

每年在道路事故中有超过七万人丧生或严重受伤。
occurrence和happening多指日常生活中发生的一般事件。

So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence.  那么被鲨鱼伤害就是常见的事了。

There were some unusual happenings at school last week.  

上周学校发生了一些不同寻常的事。

重点句型

1. too...to的用法

【原句回放】In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. 在农家院子里，鸡，甚至猪紧张得吃不下东西。

【点拨】too…to… 太……而不能……，具有否定意义

She is too short to reach the book on the shelf. 她太矮了，够不着架上的书。

=She is not tall enough to reach the book on the shelf.

=She is so short that she can’t reach the book on the shelf.

与too…to…意义相反的结构是enough…to…

He’s old enough to travel by himself.  他够大了，可以自己旅游了。

too…to…在下列情况中表示肯定意义：

1. 当too前有far, much, but, only等加强语气的词修饰时，意为“非常/十分……”。

Wang Jun was only too glad to meet his girlfriend.  王军非常高兴地见到他女朋友。

2. 当too后面接anxious, eager, glad, happy, pleased, kind等表示某种心情或描绘性形容词时，表示肯定意义。

The two thieves were too anxious to leave. 两个贼急于离开。

I’m too delighted to accept your invitation.  我非常高兴地接受你的邀请。

3. too前面有否定词（如never, can’t）时表肯定，“非常，不会不”。

It’s never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。

2. All...not....   不是所有的……都……

【原句回放】All hope was not lost.  不是所有的希望都破灭了。

【点拨】 否定词no或not等与表示总括意义的不定代词，如everything, everybody，both等连用时，表示部分否定。其完全否定形式用nothing，nobody，none，neither等表示。

部分否定：

All answers are not correct. =Not all answers are correct. 不是所有的答案都对。

Not both of them smoke. =Both of them don’t smoke. 并不是他们两人都吸烟。

完全否定：

None of the answers is correct. 所有的答案都不对。

Neither of them smokes. 他们俩都不吸烟。

【拓展】频度副词often, always等与not连用也是部分否定，表示“并非经常，并非总是”。

He doesn’t often come late.  他并非经常迟到。

He is not always so sad.  他不总是这么伤心。

 3.  ...as if...  ……如同……

【原句回放】It seemed as if the world was at an end! 看起来好像世界末日到了！

【点拨】as if 是连词词组，意为“好像，好似”，相当于as though，一般用于句型It looks/ seems as if...中，其意思是“看起来好像……”。如果所引导的从句表示的情况是真实的或是极有可能发生的情况时，句子要用陈述语气；当说话人所陈述的是不真实的或极少可能发生或存在的情况时，从句用虚拟语气。

They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们交谈起来就像多年的老朋友。

She loves the children as if they were her own.  

     她爱这些孩子就像他们是她自己的孩子一样。

He lost his temper as if he would kill his wife.  他发起脾气来似乎要杀掉他妻子。

It looks as if it’s going to rain.  看起来似乎要下雨了。

  【拓展】用法类似的句型：

It seems (to sb.) that/as if...   (对某人来说)似乎……，as if 后面可用虚拟语气。

seem to be/like＋n....   似乎……，好像……

seem to be doing sth. / seem to have done sth.  好像正在做/已经做了某事

seem (to be) ＋n./adj.   似乎是……

There seems to be...    好像有……

I seemed to have left my book at home.   我似乎把书落在家里了。

It looks as if they are having a party next door.  看起来他们在隔壁开一个派对。